I-Brazing & Soldering & Welding

Phakathi kwamasu amaningi EKUJOYINA esiwasebenzisa ekukhiqizeni, kugcizelelwa ngokukhethekile UKUWELISWA, UKUBHALAZA, UKUDAYISA, I-ADHESIVE BONDING KANYE NOMHLANGANO WOKUSEBENZA KOMHLANGANO ngoba lawa masu asetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni ezinjengokwenziwa kwemihlangano ye-hermetic, ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye nokuvala uphawu okukhethekile. Lapha sizogxila kakhulu ezicini ezikhethekile zalezi zindlela zokuhlanganisa njengoba zihlobene nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ethuthukisiwe kanye nemihlangano.

 

 

 

I-FUSION WELDING: Sisebenzisa ukushisa ukuze sincibilike futhi sihlanganise izinto zokwakha. Ukushisa kunikezwa ngogesi noma imishayo enamandla amakhulu. Izinhlobo ze-fusion welding esiziphakelayo i-OXYFUEL GAS WELDING, I-ARC WELDING, UKUSHIYELA KWAMANDLA OKUPHEZULU-OKUSHISELELA.

 

 

 

I-SOLID-STATE WELDING: Sihlanganisa izingxenye ngaphandle kokuncibilika nokuhlanganisa. Izindlela zethu zokushisela ze-solid-state zi-COLD, ULTRASONIC, RESISTANCE, FRICTION, EXPLOSION WELDING kanye ne-DIFFUSION BONDING.

 

 

 

I-BRAZING & SOLDERING: Basebenzisa izinsimbi zokugcwalisa futhi basinika inzuzo yokusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunase-welding, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphe ukulimala kwesakhiwo emikhiqizweni. Ulwazi ngesikhungo sethu sokubhula esikhiqiza i-ceramic kuya kokufakwa kwensimbi, ukuvalwa kwe-hermetic, i-vacuum feedthroughs, i-vacuum ephezulu nephezulu kanye nezingxenye zokulawula uketshezi  ingatholakala lapha:Ibhukwana le-Brazing Factory

 

 

 

I-ADHESIVE BONDING: Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezinto ezinamathelayo ezisetshenziswa embonini kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, sinekhasi elizinikele lalokhu. Ukuya ekhasini lethu mayelana ne-adhesive bonding, sicela uchofoze lapha.

 

 

 

UMHLANGANO WOKUSEBENZA KOMHLANGANO: Sisebenzisa izixhumi ezihlukahlukene ezifana namabhawudi, izikulufu, amantongomane, ama-rivets. Izibophelelo zethu azikhawulelwe kuzibophelelo ezijwayelekile zangaphandle kweshalofu. Sidizayina, sithuthukise futhi sikhiqize izibophelelo ezikhethekile ezenziwe ngezinto ezingajwayelekile ukuze zikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile. Kwesinye isikhathi i-conductivity kagesi noma yokushisa iyafiswa kanti kwesinye isikhathi i-conductivity. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile, ikhasimende lingase lifune izixhumi ezikhethekile ezingakwazi ukususwa ngaphandle kokucekela phansi umkhiqizo. Kunemibono nezicelo ezingapheli. Sinakho konke, uma kungenjalo ngaphandle kweshalofu singayithuthukisa ngokushesha. Ukuya ekhasini lethu lokuhlanganisa imishini, sicela uchofoze lapha. Ake sihlole izindlela zethu zokujoyina ezahlukahlukene ngemininingwane eyengeziwe.

 

 

 

I-OXYFUEL GAS WELDING (OFW): Sisebenzisa igesi yamafutha exutshwe nomoya-mpilo ukukhiqiza ilangabi lokushisela. Uma sisebenzisa i-acetylene njengamafutha nomoya-mpilo, sikubiza ngokuthi i-oxyacetylene gas welding. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubili kwenzeka kwinqubo yokushiswa kwegesi ye-oxyfuel:

 

C2H2 + O2 ------» 2CO + H2 + Ukushisa

 

2CO + H2 + 1.5 O2--------» 2 CO2 + H2O + Ukushisa

 

Ukusabela kokuqala kuhlukanisa i-acetylene ibe yi-carbon monoxide ne-hydrogen kuyilapho ikhiqiza cishe u-33% wesamba sokushisa esikhiqizwayo. Inqubo yesibili engenhla imelela ukushiswa okwengeziwe kwe-hydrogen ne-carbon monoxide kuyilapho ikhiqiza cishe u-67% wokushisa okuphelele. Amazinga okushisa elangabini aphakathi kuka-1533 kuya ku-3573 Kelvin. Iphesenti le-oxygen engxube yegesi libalulekile. Uma okuqukethwe komoyampilo kungaphezu kwesigamu, ilangabi liba i-oxidizing agent. Lokhu akuthandeki kwezinye izinsimbi kodwa kuyafiseleka kwezinye. Isibonelo lapho ilangabi le-oxidizing lifiseleka ama-alloys asekelwe ethusi ngoba lakha ungqimba lwe-passivation phezu kwensimbi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-oxygen kuncishisiwe, ukuvutha okugcwele akunakwenzeka futhi ilangabi liba ilangabi elinciphisa (carburizing). Amazinga okushisa elangabini elinciphisayo aphansi ngakho-ke alungele izinqubo ezifana ne-soldering ne-brazing. Amanye amagesi nawo angamafutha angaba khona, kodwa anobubi obuthile phezu kwe-acetylene. Ngezikhathi ezithile sinikezela ngezinsimbi zokugcwalisa endaweni yokushisela ngendlela yezinduku zokugcwalisa noma ucingo. Ezinye zazo zimbozwe nge-flux ukuze kuvinjwe i-oxidation yezindawo ezingaphezulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela zivikele insimbi encibilikisiwe. Inzuzo eyengeziwe esinikezwa yi-flux ukususwa kwama-oxide nezinye izinto endaweni yokushisela. Lokhu kuholela ekuxhumaneni okuqinile. Ukwehluka kokushisela igesi ye-oxyfuel i-PRESSURE GAS WELDING, lapho izingxenye ezimbili zishiselwa esibonakalayo kusetshenziswa ithoshi legesi le-oxyacetylene futhi uma isixhumi esibonakalayo siqala ukuncibilika, ithoshi liyahoxiswa futhi kusetshenziswa amandla e-axial ukuze ucindezele izingxenye ezimbili ndawonye. kuze kube yilapho isixhumi esibonakalayo siqina.

 

 

 

I-ARC WELDING: Sisebenzisa amandla kagesi ukukhiqiza i-arc phakathi kwethiphu ye-electrode kanye nezingxenye okufanele zishiselwe. Ukunikezwa kwamandla kungaba yi-AC noma i-DC ngenkathi ama-electrode engasebenziseka noma engasebenziseki. Ukudluliswa kokushisa ku-arc welding kungavezwa nge-equation elandelayo:

 

H / l = ex VI / v

 

Lapha u-H ukufakwa kokushisa, l ubude be-weld, i-V futhi mina i-voltage kanye ne-current esetshenziswayo, i-v ijubane lokushisela futhi i-e yinqubo yokusebenza kahle. Ukuphakama kwekhono elithi "e" kulapho kunenzuzo enkulu amandla atholakalayo asetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa impahla. Okokufaka kokushisa nakho kungavezwa kanje:

 

H = ux (Ivolumu) = ux A xl

 

Nakhu u-u amandla athile okuncibilika, A ingxenye yesiphambano se-weld kanye nobude be-weld. Kulezi zibalo ezimbili ezingenhla singathola:

 

v = ex VI / u A

 

Ukwehluka kokushisela i-arc i-SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING (SMAW) ehlanganisa cishe u-50% wazo zonke izinqubo zokushisela zezimboni nezokulungisa. I-ELECTRIC ARC WELDING (I-Stick WELDING) yenziwa ngokuthinta ichopho le-electrode eboshiwe endaweni yokusebenza bese uyikhipha ngokushesha ebangeni elanele ukugcina i-arc. Le nqubo siyibiza nangokuthi i-stick-welding ngoba ama-electrode mancane futhi amade. Phakathi nenqubo yokushisela, ichopho le-electrode liyancibilika kanye nokwembozwa kwalo kanye nesisekelo sensimbi endaweni eseduze ne-arc. Ingxube yensimbi eyisisekelo, insimbi ye-electrode nezinto ezivela embotsheni ye-electrode iyaqina endaweni yokushisela. Ukufakwa kwe-electrode deoxidizes futhi kunikeze igesi evikelayo endaweni yokushisela, ngaleyo ndlela ivikele umoya-mpilo endaweni ezungezile. Ngakho-ke inqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-shielded metal arc welding. Sisebenzisa ama-currents aphakathi kuka-50 no-300 Amperes kanye namazinga wamandla ngokuvamile angaphansi kuka-10 kW ukuze sisebenze kahle kakhulu. Okunye okubalulekile i-polarity ye-DC yamanje (isiqondiso sokugeleza kwamanje). I-polarity eqondile lapho i-workpiece ilungile futhi i-electrode inegethivu ikhethwa ekushiseleni izinsimbi zeshidi ngenxa yokungena kwayo okungajulile kanye namalunga anezikhala ezibanzi kakhulu. Uma sine-polarity ehlehlayo, okungukuthi i-electrode iphozithivu futhi i-workpiece negative singakwazi ukuzuza ukungena okujulile kwe-weld. Nge-AC yamanje, njengoba sinama-arcs adonsayo, singakwazi ukushisela izingxenye eziwugqinsi sisebenzisa ama-electrode amakhulu obubanzi kanye nama-currents aphezulu. Indlela yokushisela i-SMAW ifanele ugqinsi lwe-workpiece engu-3 kuya ku-19 mm nangaphezulu isebenzisa amasu ama-multiple-pass. I-slag eyenziwe phezulu kwe-weld idinga ukususwa kusetshenziswa ibhulashi locingo, ukuze kungabikho ukugqwala nokwehluleka endaweni yokushisela. Lokhu kwengeza ezindlekweni zokushisela i-arc yensimbi evikelekile. Noma kunjalo i-SMAW iyindlela ethandwa kakhulu yokushisela embonini nasekulungiseni umsebenzi.

 

 

 

I-SUBMERGED ARC WELDING (SAW): Kule nqubo sivikela i-arc ye-weld sisebenzisa izinto ze-granular flux ezifana ne-lime, i-silica, i-calcium floride, i-manganese oxide….etc. I-granular flux ifakwa endaweni yokushisela ngokugeleza kwamandla adonsela phansi ngombhobho. Ukuguquguquka okumboza indawo yokushisela encibilikisiwe kuvikela kakhulu ezinhlansini, kuntuthu, emisebeni ye-UV….etc futhi kusebenza njengesivikelo esishisayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuvumela ukushisa kungene kujule kucezu lokusebenza. I-flux engahlanganisiwe iyabuyiselwa, ilashwe futhi iphinde isetshenziswe. Ikhoyili engenalutho isetshenziswa njenge-electrode futhi yondliwe ngeshubhu endaweni yokushisela. Sisebenzisa ama-currents aphakathi kuka-300 no-2000 Ampere. Inqubo ye-arc welding engaphansi kwamanzi (SAW) inqunyelwe ezindaweni ezivundlile neziyisicaba kanye nama-welds ayindilinga uma ukujikeleza kwesakhiwo esiyindilinga (njengamapayipi) kungenzeka ngesikhathi sokushisela. Isivinini singafinyelela ku-5 m/min. Inqubo ye-SAW ifanele amapuleti awugqinsi futhi iphumela ekushiseleni kwekhwalithi ephezulu, okuqinile, okunamapayipi okuthungatha kanye namayunifomu. Ukukhiqiza, okuyinani lempahla yokushisela efakwa ngehora izikhathi ezi-4 kuye kweziyi-10 inani uma kuqhathaniswa nenqubo ye-SMAW.

 

 

 

Enye inqubo yokushisela i-arc, okuyi-GAS METAL ARC WELDING (GMAW) noma okunye okubizwa ngokuthi I-METAL INERT GAS WELDING (MIG) isekelwe endaweni yokushisela evikelwe imithombo yangaphandle yamagesi njenge-helium, i-argon, i-carbon dioxide….etc. Kungase kube khona ama-deoxidizer engeziwe akhona ensimbi ye-electrode. Intambo esetshenziswayo ifakwa ngombhobho endaweni yokushisela. Ukwenziwa okubandakanya i-bot ferrous kanye nezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Ukukhiqiza kokushisela cishe izikhathi ezi-2 kunenqubo ye-SMAW. Imishini yokushisela ezenzakalelayo iyasetshenziswa. Insimbi idluliswa ngenye yezindlela ezintathu kule nqubo: "I-spray Transfer" ihilela ukudluliswa kwamaconsi amancane ensimbi angamakhulu amaningana ngomzuzwana ukusuka ku-electrode ukuya endaweni yokushisela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ku-“Globular Transfer”, kusetshenziswa amagesi acebile e-carbon dioxide futhi ama-globules ensimbi encibilikisiwe aqhutshwa yi-arc kagesi. Ama-welding currents aphakeme futhi ukungena kwe-weld kujule, isivinini sokushisela sikhulu kunokudlulisa isifutho. Ngakho-ke ukudluliswa kwe-globular kungcono ekushiseleni izigaba ezinzima. Ekugcineni, endleleni "Yokujikeleza Okufushane", ithiphu le-electrode lithinta ichibi le-weld elincibilikisiwe, liyijikeleze njengensimbi ngamanani angaphezu kwamaconsi angama-50/ngesekhondi idluliswa ngamaconsi ngamanye. Ama-currents aphansi nama-voltages asetshenziswa kanye nocingo oluncanyana. Amandla asetshenzisiwe angaba ngu-2 kW futhi amazinga okushisa aphansi, okwenza le ndlela ifanele amashidi amancane angaphansi kuka-6mm ukujiya.

 

 

 

Okunye ukuhluka kwenqubo ye-FLUX-CORED ARC WELDING (FCAW) ifana ne-gas metal arc welding, ngaphandle kokuthi i-electrode iyishubhu egcwele i-flux. Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ama-electrode e-cored-flux ukuthi akhiqiza ama-arcs azinzile, asinika ithuba lokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zensimbi ye-weld, imvelo ebuthakathaka futhi eguquguqukayo yokuguquguquka kwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokushisela kwe-SMAW, amakhonco wokushisela athuthukisiwe. Ama-electrode azivikela ngokwawo aqukethe izinto ezivikela indawo yokushisela emkhathini. Sisebenzisa amandla angaba ngu-20 kW. Njengenqubo ye-GMAW, inqubo ye-FCAW iphinde inikeze ithuba lokuzenzakalela izinqubo zokushisela okuqhubekayo, futhi iyonga. Amakhemikhali e-weld metal ahlukene angathuthukiswa ngokungeza ama-alloys ahlukahlukene ku-flux core.

 

 

 

Ku-ELECTROGAS WELDING (EGW) sishisela izingcezu ezibekwe emaphethelweni. Kwesinye isikhathi kubuye kubizwe nge-BUTT WELDING. Insimbi yokushisela ifakwa endaweni yokushisela phakathi kwezingcezu ezimbili ukuze zihlanganiswe. Lesi sikhala sivalwe ngamadamu amabili apholise amanzi ukuze i-slag encibilikisiwe ingaphumi. Amadamu akhushulwa ngokushayela ngemishini. Lapho i-workpiece ingazungeziswa, singasebenzisa indlela yokushisela ye-electrogas ukushisela okujikelezayo kwamapayipi futhi. Ama-Electrode aphakelwa ngomsele ukuze kugcinwe i-arc eqhubekayo. Ama-currents angaba ngu-400Amperes noma angu-750 Amperes kanye namazinga amandla alinganiselwa ku-20 kW. Amagesi angasebenzi asuka ku-electrode ene-flux-cored noma umthombo wangaphandle ahlinzeka ngesivikelo. Sisebenzisa i-electrogas welding (EGW) ukwenza izinsimbi ezifana nezinsimbi, i-titanium….etc enogqinsi olusuka ku-12mm kuya ku-75mm. Ubuchwepheshe buhambisana kahle nezakhiwo ezinkulu.

 

 

 

Nokho, kwenye indlela ebizwa ngokuthi ELECTROSLAG WELDING (ESW) i-arc ithungelwa phakathi kwe-electrode kanye nephansi le-workpiece futhi i-flux yengezwe. Lapho i-slag encibilikisiwe ifinyelela ichopho le-electrode, i-arc iyacinywa. Amandla ahlinzekwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokumelana nogesi kwe-slag encibilikisiwe. Singakwazi ukushisela amapuleti anogqinsi oluphakathi kuka-50 mm no-900 mm nangaphezulu. Ama-currents angaba ngu-600 Ampere kanti ama-voltage aphakathi kuka-40 - 50 V. Isivinini sokushisela siphakathi kuka-12 kuya ku-36 mm/min. Izicelo ziyefana ne-electrogas welding.

 

 

 

Enye yezinqubo zethu ze-electrode ezingasebenziseki, i-GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (GTAW) eyaziwa nangokuthi i-TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING (TIG) ibandakanya ukunikezwa kwensimbi yokugcwalisa ngocingo. Emajoyini alingana eduze kwesinye isikhathi asisebenzisi insimbi yokugcwalisa. Enqubweni ye-TIG asisebenzisi i-flux, kodwa sebenzisa i-argon ne-helium ukuvikela. I-Tungsten inezinga eliphezulu lokuncibilika futhi ayisetshenziswa ohlelweni lokushisela lwe-TIG, ngakho-ke ama-current kanye nezikhala ze-arc zingagcinwa. Amazinga wamandla aphakathi kuka-8 kuya ku-20 kW nama-currents angaba ngu-200 Ampere (DC) noma ku-500 Ampere (AC). Nge-aluminium ne-magnesium sisebenzisa i-AC yamanje ngomsebenzi wayo wokuhlanza i-oxide. Ukuze sigweme ukungcoliswa kwe-electrode ye-tungsten, sigwema ukuthintana kwayo nezinsimbi ezincibilikisiwe. I-Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) iwusizo ikakhulukazi ekushiseleni izinsimbi ezincane. Ama-weld e-GTAW asezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu anokuqedwa okuhle kwendawo.

 

 

 

Ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zegesi ye-hydrogen, indlela esetshenziswa kancane yi-ATOMIC HYDROGEN WELDING (AHW), lapho senza khona i-arc phakathi kwama-tungsten electrode amabili endaweni evikelayo yegesi ye-hydrogen egelezayo. I-AHW futhi iyinqubo yokushisela i-electrode engasebenziseki. I-diatomic hydrogen gas H2 yehlela esimweni sayo se-athomu eduze nendawo yokushisela lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kuka-6273 Kelvin. Ngenkathi ibhidliza, idonsa ukushisa okukhulu okuvela ku-arc. Lapho ama-athomu e-hydrogen eshaya indawo yokushisela okuyindawo ebanda kakhulu, aphinde ahlangane abe yi-diatomic futhi akhulule ukushisa okugciniwe. Amandla angahlukahluka ngokushintsha i-workpiece ibe ibanga le-arc.

 

 

 

Kwenye inqubo ye-electrode engasebenziseki, i-PLASMA ARC WELDING (PAW) sine-arc ye-plasma egxilile eqondiswe endaweni yokushisela. Amazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-33,273 Kelvin e-PAW. Cishe inani elilinganayo lama-electron nama-ion akha igesi ye-plasma. I-arc yomshayeli wamanje ephansi iqala i-plasma ephakathi kwe-tungsten electrode ne-orifice. Ama-currents asebenzayo ngokuvamile azungeze i-100 Amperes. I-filler metal ingase idliwe. Ekushiseleni kwe-arc ye-plasma, ukuvikela kwenziwa indandatho yokuvikela yangaphandle nokusebenzisa amagesi afana ne-argon ne-helium. Ku-plasma arc welding, i-arc ingase ibe phakathi kwe-electrode ne-workpiece noma phakathi kwe-electrode ne-nozzle. Le ndlela yokushisela inezinzuzo kunezinye izindlela zokugxilisa amandla aphezulu, amandla okushisela ajulile futhi amancane, ukuzinza okungcono kwe-arc, isivinini esiphezulu sokushisela kufika kumitha elingu-1/min, ukuhlanekezela okuncane okushisayo. Ngokuvamile sisebenzisa i-plasma arc welding yokuqina okungaphansi kuka-6 mm futhi ngezinye izikhathi kufika ku-20 mm ku-aluminium ne-titanium.

 

 

 

UKUSHIYELA OKUPHEZULU-ENERGY-BEAM: Olunye uhlobo lwendlela ye-fusion welding ene-electron-beam welding (EBW) ne-laser welding (LBW) njengokuhluka okubili. Lezi zindlela zibaluleke ngokukhethekile emsebenzini wethu wokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ku-electron-beam welding, ama-electron anesivinini esiphezulu ashaya ucezu lokusebenza futhi amandla awo e-kinetic aguqulwa abe ukushisa. Uhlaka oluncane lwama-electron luhamba kalula ku-vacuum room. Ngokuvamile sisebenzisa i-vacuum ephezulu ku-e-beam welding. Amapuleti awugqinsi afinyelela ku-150 mm angashiselwa. Awekho amagesi okuvikela, i-flux noma impahla yokugcwalisa edingekayo. Izibhamu ze-Elecron zinamandla angu-100 kW. Ukushisela okujulile nokuncane okunezilinganiso eziphezulu kufika ku-30 kanye nezindawo ezincane ezithinteke ekushiseni kungenzeka. Isivinini sokushisela singafinyelela ku-12 m/min. Ku-laser-beam welding sisebenzisa ama-laser anamandla amakhulu njengomthombo wokushisa. Imishayo ye-laser emincane njengama-microns ayi-10 anomthamo omkhulu yenza kungene okujulile kucezu lokusebenza. Ukujula kobubanzi kuya ku-10 kungenzeka nge-laser-beam welding. Sisebenzisa kokubili ama-laser ashukumisayo kanye nanjengamagagasi aqhubekayo, awokuqala ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezincanyana futhi lena yakamuva ikakhulukazi ama-workpieces awugqinsi afika cishe ku-25 mm. Amazinga wamandla afinyelela ku-100 kW. I-laser beam welding ayifaneleki kahle izinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo. Amagesi angasetshenziswa futhi ohlelweni lokushisela. Indlela yokushisela i-laser beam ifaneleka kahle ekukhiqizeni okuzenzakalelayo & nevolumu ephezulu futhi inganikeza isivinini sokushisela phakathi kuka-2.5 m/min no-80 m/min. Enye inzuzo enkulu yile nqubo yokushisela iwukufinyelela ezindaweni lapho ezinye izindlela zingeke zisetshenziswe khona. Imishayo ye-laser ingahamba kalula ezindaweni ezinzima kangaka. Ayikho i-vacuum efana ne-electron-beam welding edingekayo. Ama-welds anekhwalithi enhle namandla, ukuncipha okuphansi, ukuhlanekezela okuphansi, i-porosity ephansi ingatholakala nge-laser beam welding. Imishayo ye-laser ingashintshwa kalula futhi ibunjwe kusetshenziswa izintambo ze-fiber optic. Ngakho-ke le ndlela ifaneleka kahle ekushiseleni imihlangano ye-hermetic enembayo, amaphakheji e-electronic...njll.

 

 

 

Ake sibheke izindlela zethu zokushisela i-SOLID STATE WELDING. I-COLD WELDING (CW) inqubo lapho ukucindezela esikhundleni sokushisa kufakwa khona kusetshenziswa ama-dies noma amaroli ezingxenyeni ezihlangene. Ekushiseleni okubandayo, okungenani ingxenye eyodwa yokukhwelana idinga ukuba i-ductile. Imiphumela emihle kakhulu itholakala ngezinto ezimbili ezifanayo. Uma izinsimbi ezimbili ezizohlanganiswa nokushisela okubandayo zingafani, singase sibe namajoyinti abuthakathaka futhi aphuka. Indlela yokushisela ebandayo ifaneleka kahle ezintweni zokusebenza ezithambile, ezidonsayo nezincane njengokuxhunywa kukagesi, imiphetho yesitsha esizwela ukushisa, imichilo ye-bimetallic yama-thermostats...njll. Olunye uhlobo lwe-welding ebandayo i-roll bonding (noma i-roll welding), lapho ingcindezi isetshenziswa nge-pair of rolls. Kwesinye isikhathi senza i-roll welding emazingeni okushisa aphakeme ukuze sibe namandla angcono okusebenzelana kobuso.

 

 

 

Enye inqubo yokushisela yesimo esiqinile esiyisebenzisayo i-ULTRASONIC WELDING (USW), lapho izinto zokusebenza zingaphansi kwamandla avamile amile kanye nezingcindezi zokushefa ezinyakazayo. Izingcindezi zokushefa ezinyakazayo zisetshenziswa ngesihloko se-transducer. I-Ultrasonic welding isebenzisa ama-oscillation anamaza asuka ku-10 kuye ku-75 kHz. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-seam welding, sisebenzisa idiski yokushisela ejikelezayo njengethiphu. Izingcindezi zokugunda ezisetshenziswa ezintweni zokusebenza kubangela ukuwohloka okuncane kwepulasitiki, kuqhekeze izingqimba ze-oxide, ukungcola futhi kuholele ekuhlanganeni kwesimo esiqinile. Amazinga okushisa ahilelekile ekushiseleni nge-ultrasonic angaphansi kwamazinga okushisa ezinsimbi futhi akukho ukuhlangana okwenzekayo. Sivame ukusebenzisa inqubo ye-ultrasonic welding (USW) yezinto ezingezona ezensimbi njengamapulasitiki. Ku-thermoplastics, amazinga okushisa afinyelela amaphuzu okuncibilika.

 

 

 

Enye indlela edumile, kokuthi FRICTION WELDING (FRW) ukushisa kukhiqizwa ngokungqubuzana kusixhumi esibonakalayo sezinto zokusebenza okufanele zihlanganiswe. Ku-friction welding sigcina enye yezinto zokusebenza imile kuyilapho enye i-workpiece ibanjwe endaweni ethile futhi ijikeleziswa ngesivinini esingaguquki. Ama-workpieces abe esehlanganiswa ngaphansi kwe-axial force. Ijubane elingaphezulu lokuzungeza ekushiseleni kwe-friction lingafinyelela ku-900m/min kwezinye izimo. Ngemuva kokuxhumana okwanele kobuso, i-workpiece ejikelezayo imiswa ngokuzumayo futhi amandla e-axial anda. Indawo yokushisela ngokuvamile iyisifunda esincane. I-friction welding technique ingasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa izingxenye eziqinile nezingamashubhu ezenziwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene. Enye iflash ingase ithuthuke kusixhumi esibonakalayo ku-FRW, kodwa le flash ingasuswa ngomshini wesibili noma ukugaya. Izinguquko zenqubo ye-welding ye-friction zikhona. Isibonelo "i-inertia friction welding" ihlanganisa i-flywheel amandla ayo e-kinetic ajikelezayo asetshenziselwa ukushisela izingxenye. I-weld iphelile lapho i-flywheel ifika ime. Isisindo esijikelezayo singahlukahluka futhi ngaleyo ndlela amandla e-kinetic ajikelezayo. Okunye okuhlukile "i-linear friction welding", lapho ukunyakaza okuhambisanayo kubekwe okungenani engxenyeni eyodwa okumele ihlanganiswe. Ezingxenyeni ze-welding zokungqubuzana komugqa akudingeki zibe yindilinga, zingaba unxande, isikwele noma esinye isimo. Amafrikhwensi angaba emashumini e-Hz, ama-amplitude ebangeni lamamilimitha kanye nezingcindezi emashumini noma emakhulwini e-MPa. Okokugcina "i-friction stir welding" ihluke kakhulu kunalezi ezinye ezimbili ezichazwe ngenhla. Nakuba ku-inertia friction welding kanye ne-linear friction welding heats of interfaces kufinyelelwa ngokukhuhla izindawo ezimbili ezithintanayo, ngendlela ye-friction stir welding umzimba wesithathu uyakhuhlwa ezindaweni ezimbili ezizohlanganiswa. Ithuluzi elijikelezayo lika-5 kuya ku-6 mm ububanzi lihlanganiswa nelunga. Amazinga okushisa angakhuphuka abe amanani aphakathi kuka-503 kuya ku-533 Kelvin. Ukushisa, ukuxutshwa nokunyakaziswa kwempahla ekuhlanganyeleni kwenzeka. Sisebenzisa i-friction stir welding ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa i-aluminium, amapulasitiki nezinhlanganisela. Ama-welds ayafana futhi ikhwalithi iphezulu ngama-pores amancane. Akukho ntuthu noma i-spatter ekhiqizwa ekushiseni kwe-friction futhi inqubo i-automated kahle.

 

 

 

RESISTANCE WELDING (RW): Ukushisa okudingekayo ekushiseleni kukhiqizwa ukumelana kukagesi phakathi kwezinto ezimbili zokusebenza okufanele zihlanganiswe. Awekho ama-flux, amagesi avikelayo noma ama-electrode asetshenziswayo asetshenziswa ekushiseleni ukumelana. Ukushisa kwe-Joule kwenzeka ekushiseleni ukumelana futhi kungavezwa kanje:

 

 

 

H = (Isikwele I) x R xtx K

 

 

 

H ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngama-joules (watt- seconds), I current in Amperes, R resistance in Ohms, t isikhathi samasekhondi lapho ukugeleza kwamanje kudlula khona. I-factor K ingaphansi kuka-1 futhi imele ingxenye yamandla engalahleki ngemisebe nokuqhutshwa. Ama-currents ezinqubweni zokushisela ukumelana angafinyelela amazinga afinyelela ku-100,000 A kodwa ama-voltage ngokuvamile angu-0.5 kuya ku-10 Volts. Ama-electrode ngokuvamile enziwe ngama-alloys ethusi. Kokubili izinto ezifanayo nezingafani zingahlanganiswa nge-resistance welding. Kukhona ukuhlukahluka okuningana kule nqubo: "I-Resistance spot welding" ihlanganisa ama-electrode ayindilinga amabili aphikisanayo athinta indawo ehlangene yethanga lamashidi amabili. Ingcindezi isetshenziswa kuze kucishwe okwamanje. I-weld nugget ngokuvamile ifinyelela ku-10 mm ububanzi. I-Resistance spot welding ishiya izimpawu zokuhlenga ezishintshe umbala ezindaweni zokushisela. I-Spot welding iyindlela yethu ethandwa kakhulu yokushisela. Ama-electrode shapes ahlukahlukene asetshenziswa ekushiseleni indawo ukuze kufinyelelwe ezindaweni ezinzima. Imishini yethu yokushisela indawo ilawulwa yi-CNC futhi inama-electrode amaningi angasetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Okunye ukuhluka "i-resistance seam welding" yenziwa ngamasondo noma ama-roller electrode akhiqiza ama-spoe weld aqhubekayo noma nini lapho okwamanje kufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu ngokwanele kumjikelezo wamandla we-AC. Amajoyinti akhiqizwa ukushisela i-resistance seam awuketshezi futhi aqinile. Isivinini sokushisela esingaba ngu-1.5 m/min sijwayelekile kumashidi amancane. Umuntu angase afake ama-currents ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ama-spot welds akhiqizwe ngezikhathi ezifiselekayo eduze komthungo. Ku-"resistance projection welding" sigcizelela ukuqagela okukodwa noma ngaphezulu (ama-dimples) kwenye yezindawo zokusebenza okumele zishiselwe. Lezi zibikezelo zingase zibe yindilinga noma zibe oval. Amazinga aphezulu okushisa asendaweni afinyelelwa kulezi zindawo ezinamathiselwe ezihlangana nengxenye yokukhwelana. Ama-Electrode enza ingcindezi yokucindezela lezi zibikezelo. Ama-Electrode ku-resistance projection welding anamathiphu ayisicaba futhi angama-alloys ethusi apholile. Inzuzo ye-resistance projection welding yikhono lethu lokuthungatha ama-welds amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngaleyo ndlela impilo ye-electrode enwetshiwe, amandla okushisela amashidi anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, amandla okushisela amantongomane namabhawodi kumashidi. Ukungalungi kwe-resistance projection welding yizindleko ezengeziwe zokuhlanganisa ama-dimples. Enye futhi inqubo, ekushiseni kwe-"flash welding" kukhiqizwa kusuka ku-arc ekugcineni kwezinto ezimbili zokusebenza njengoba ziqala ukuxhumana. Le ndlela ingase futhi ibhekwe njenge-arc welding. Izinga lokushisa esibonakalayo liyakhuphuka, futhi okubonakalayo kuyathamba. I-axial force isetshenziswa futhi i-weld yakheka endaweni ethambile. Ngemuva kokuthi i-flash welding isiqediwe, ukujoyina kungenziwa ngomshini ukuze kubonakale kuthuthukisiwe. Ikhwalithi yokushisela etholwe nge-flash welding yinhle. Amazinga kagesi angu-10 kuya ku-1500 kW. I-Flash welding ifanele ukuhlanganisa onqenqemeni kuya konqenqemeni kwezinsimbi ezifanayo noma ezingafani ezingafika kububanzi obungu-75 mm namashidi aphakathi kuka-0.2 mm kuya ku-25 mm ukujiya. "I-Stud arc welding" ifana kakhulu ne-flash welding. I-stud efana nebhawodi noma induku enentambo isebenza njenge-electrode eyodwa ngenkathi ihlanganiswa nento yokusebenza njengepuleti. Ukuze ugxilise ukushisa okukhiqizwayo, vimbela i-oxidation futhi ugcine insimbi encibilikisiwe endaweni yokushisela, indandatho ye-ceramic elahlwayo ifakwa eduze kwesihlanganisi. Ekugcineni "i-percussion welding" enye inqubo ye-resistance welding, isebenzisa i-capacitor ukunikeza amandla kagesi. Ku-percussion welding amandla akhishwa phakathi kwama-millisecond esikhathi ngokushesha okukhulu athuthukisa ukushisa okuphezulu kwendawo endaweni ehlangene. Sisebenzisa i-percussion welding kakhulu embonini yokukhiqiza izinto zikagesi lapho ukushisisa kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezibucayi eduze nejoyinti kufanele kugwenywe.

 

 

 

Indlela ebizwa nge-EXPLOSION WELDING ibandakanya ukuqhunyiswa kongqimba lwesiqhumane esibekwa phezu kwesinye sezicucu zokusebenza okufanele zihlanganiswe. Ukucindezela okuphezulu kakhulu okwenziwa ku-workpiece kukhiqiza isixhumi esibonakalayo esinesiyaluyalu futhi esinamagagasi futhi ukuhlangana kwemishini kwenzeka. Amandla ebhondi ekushiseleleni iziqhumane aphezulu kakhulu. I-explosion welding iyindlela enhle yokuhlanganisa amapuleti anezinsimbi ezingafani. Ngemva kokuhlanganisa, amapuleti angase asongwe abe yizingxenye ezincane. Kwesinye isikhathi sisebenzisa i-explosion welding ukuze sinwebe amashubhu ukuze avaleke ngokuqinile epuletini.

 

 

 

Indlela yethu yokugcina ngaphakathi kwesizinda sokujoyina kwesimo esiqinile i-DIFFUSION BONDING noma DIFFUSION WELDING (DFW) lapho ukuhlangana okuhle kufinyelelwa khona ngokuyinhloko ngokusakazwa kwama-athomu kuyo yonke indawo. Okunye ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kusixhumi esibonakalayo nakho kunomthelela ekushiseleni. Amazinga okushisa ahilelekile acishe abe ngu-0.5 Tm lapho i-Tm incibilikisa izinga lokushisa lensimbi. Amandla ebhondi ekushiseleni kokusabalalisa ancike kungcindezi, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokuxhumana kanye nokuhlanzeka kwezindawo ezithintana naye. Ngezinye izikhathi sisebenzisa izinsimbi zokugcwalisa ku-interface. Ukushisa nokucindezela kuyadingeka ekuhlanganiseni kokusabalalisa futhi kunikezwa ukumelana nogesi noma isithando somlilo nezisindo ezifile, ukucindezela noma okunye. Izinsimbi ezifanayo nezingafani zingahlanganiswa ne-diffusion welding. Inqubo ihamba kancane ngenxa yesikhathi esisithathayo ukuze ama-athomu athuthe. I-DFW ingakwazi ukuzenzela futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-aerospace, electronics, izimboni zezokwelapha. Imikhiqizo ekhiqiziwe ihlanganisa izimila zamathambo, izinzwa, amalungu esakhiwo se-aerospace. Isibopho esihlukanisayo singahlanganiswa ne-SUPERPLASTIC FORMING ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo zensimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izindawo ezikhethiwe kumashidi ziqala zihlanganiswe ngokusakazwa bese izifunda ezingaboshiwe zinwetshwa zibe isikhunta kusetshenziswa umfutho womoya. Izakhiwo ze-aerospace ezinezilinganiso eziphezulu zokuqina kwesisindo zenziwa kusetshenziswa le nhlanganisela yezindlela. Inqubo ehlanganisiwe ye-diffusion welding/superplastic forming inciphisa inani lezingxenye ezidingekayo ngokususa isidingo sezinsimbi, kuphumela ezingxenyeni ezinezingcindezi eziphansi ezinembe kakhulu ngokomnotho kanye nezikhathi ezimfushane zokuhola.

 

 

 

I-BRAZING: Amasu okubraza ne-soldering afaka amazinga okushisa aphansi kunalawo adingekayo ekushiseleni. Amazinga okushisa e-Brazing aphakeme kunamazinga okushisa e-solder. Ekubhukeni insimbi yokugcwalisa ibekwa phakathi kwezindawo ezizohlanganiswa futhi amazinga okushisa anyuswe aze afike ezingeni lokushisa elincibilikayo lempahla yokugcwalisa ngaphezu kuka-723 Kelvin kodwa ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elincibilikayo lezinto zokusebenza. Insimbi encibilikisiwe igcwalisa isikhala esisondele kakhulu phakathi kwezinto zokusebenza. Ukupholisa nokuqiniswa okulandelayo kwe-filer metal kubangela amalunga aqinile. Ekushiseleni ubhedu insimbi yokugcwalisa ifakwa endaweni ehlangene. Insimbi yokugcwalisa isetshenziswa kakhulu ekushiseleni i-braze uma kuqhathaniswa nokubhula. Ithoshi le-oxyacetylene elinelangabi le-oxidizing lisetshenziselwa ukufaka insimbi yokugcwalisa ekushiseleleni i-braze. Ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi e-brazing, izinkinga ezindaweni ezithinteke ekushiseni ezifana ne-warping kanye nengcindezi eyinsalela zincane. Igebe elincane lokuvula ekubhukeni liphakeme kakhulu amandla okugunda welunga. Amandla amakhulu okudonsa nokho atholwa ngegebe elikhulu (inani eliphakeme). Ngezansi nangaphezulu kwalelivelu eliphezulu, amandla aqinile ekubhrezeni ayancipha. Ukucaciswa okujwayelekile ekubrazini kungaba phakathi kuka-0.025 no-0.2 mm. Sisebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto zokubhsa ezinomumo ohlukene njengokudlala, impushana, izindandatho, ucingo, i-strip…..etc. futhi ingakwazi ukwenza lokhu kusebenze ngokukhethekile kumklamo wakho noma ijometri yomkhiqizo. Siphinde sinqume okuqukethwe kwezinto zokubhula ngokuya ngesisekelo sezinto zakho kanye nesicelo. Sivamise ukusebenzisa ama-fluxes ekusebenzeni kwe-brazing ukuze sisuse izendlalelo ze-oxide ezingafuneki futhi sinqande i-oxidation. Ukuze ugweme ukugqwala okulandelayo, ama-fluxes ngokuvamile asuswa ngemva kokuhlanganisa ukusebenza. I-AGS-TECH Inc. isebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokubhula, okuhlanganisa:

 

- I-Torch Brazing

 

- Ukushisa kwesithando somlilo

 

- I-Induction Brazing

 

- I-Resistance Brazing

 

- I-Dip Brazing

 

- I-Infrared Brazing

 

- I-Diffusion Brazing

 

- High Energy Beam

 

Izibonelo zethu ezivame kakhulu zokuhlanganisa ama-brazed zenziwe ngezinsimbi ezingafani ezinamandla aqinile njengezinsimbi zokubhoboza i-carbide, ukufakwa, amaphakheji we-optoelectronic hermetic, seals.

 

 

 

I-SOOLDERING : Lena enye yezindlela zethu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu lapho i-solder (insimbi yokugcwalisa) igcwalisa ukuhlangana njengaku-brazing phakathi kwezingxenye ezisondelene kakhulu. Abathengisi bethu banamaphuzu ancibilikayo angaphansi kuka-723 Kelvin. Sifaka kokubili i-soldering eyenziwa ngesandla kanye ne-automated emisebenzini yokukhiqiza. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-brazing, amazinga okushisa e-solder aphansi. I-soldering ayifaneleki kakhulu ekushiseni okuphezulu noma ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla aphezulu. Sisebenzisa ama-solder angenawo umthofu kanye nama-tin-lead, i-tin-zinc, i-lead-silver, i-cadmium-silver, ama-alloys e-zinc-aluminium ngaphandle kwamanye ukuze sihlanganise. Kokubili i-noncorrosive resin-based kanye ne-inorganic acid nosawoti asetshenziswa njengokuguquguquka ekufakweni kwe-solder. Sisebenzisa ama-fluxes akhethekile ukuze sithengise izinsimbi ezine-solderability ephansi. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kufanele sithengise izinto ze-ceramic, ingilazi noma i-graphite, siqala sinamathisele izingxenye ngensimbi efanelekile ukuze kutholakale ukuqina. Izindlela zethu ezidumile zokuhlanganisa yilezi:

 

-Reflow noma Namathisela Soldering

 

- I-Wave Soldering

 

-Isithando somlilo

 

-Ithoshi Soldering

 

-Ukufakwa kwe-Soldering

 

-Iron Soldering

 

-I-Resistance Soldering

 

- Dip soldering

 

-Ukufakwa kwe-Ultrasonic

 

- I-Soldering ye-infrared

 

I-ultrasonic soldering isinika inzuzo eyingqayizivele lapho isidingo sokugeleza siqedwa ngenxa ye-ultrasonic cavitation effect esusa amafilimu e-oxide ezindaweni ezihlanganisiwe. I-Reflow kanye ne-Wave soldering izindlela zethu ezivelele ezimbonini zokukhiqiza umthamo ophezulu ku-electronics ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe. Ku-reflow soldering, sisebenzisa ama-semisolid pastes afaka izinhlayiya ze-solder-metal. I-paste ifakwa ekuhlanganyeleni kusetshenziswa inqubo yokuhlola noma yokwenza i-stencing. Emabhodini esekethe aphrintiwe (PCB) sivamise ukusebenzisa le nqubo. Uma izingxenye zikagesi zifakwa kulawa maphedi zisuka kunamathiselwe, ukushuba kwendawo kugcina amaphakheji aphezu kwe-surface ahambisana. Ngemva kokubeka izingxenye, sishisa umhlangano esithandweni somlilo ukuze i-reflow soldering yenzeke. Phakathi nale nqubo, ama-solvents ku-paste ayahwamuka, i-flux in the paste icushiwe, izingxenye zishiswa ngaphambili, izinhlayiya ze-solder ziyancibilika futhi zimanzise i-joint, futhi ekugcineni umhlangano we-PCB upholile kancane. Indlela yethu yesibili edumile yokukhiqiza ivolumu ephezulu yamabhodi e-PCB, okuyi-wave soldering relias eqinisweni lokuthi amasoda ancibilikisiwe amanzi ezingxenyeni zensimbi futhi akhe amabhondi amahle kuphela lapho insimbi isishiswe ngaphambili. Igagasi le-laminar elimile le-solder elincibilikisiwe liqala ukukhiqizwa yiphampu futhi ama-PCB ashiswe ngaphambilini nasele egcwele adluliswa phezu kwamagagasi. I-solder imanzisa izindawo zensimbi eziveziwe kuphela kodwa ayimanzisi amaphakheji e-IC polymer noma amabhodi wesekethe ane-polymer. Ijubane eliphezulu lejethi lamanzi ashisayo liphephula i-solder eyeqile ejoyintini futhi livimbele ukuhlangana phakathi kwemikhondo eseduze. Ekufakweni kwe-wave soldering kwamaphakheji e-surface-mount siqala ngokunamathela ngokuwabopha ebhodini lesifunda ngaphambi kokuwahlanganisa. Kuphinde kusetshenziswe ukuhlola kanye nokwenza i-stencing kodwa kulokhu kusetshenziselwa i-epoxy. Ngemuva kokuthi izingxenye zibekwe ezindaweni zazo ezifanele, i-epoxy iyaphulukiswa, amabhodi ayahlanekezelwa futhi i-wave soldering iyenzeka.