Ukwenziwa Kwezinto Ezihlanganisiwe Nezinhlanganisela

Ngokuchazwa kalula, IZINTO EZIYINGQIZINI noma IZINTO EZIYINKOKHELO yizinto ezihlanganisa izinto ezimbili noma eziningi ezinezakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba noma zamakhemikhali, kodwa uma zihlanganiswa ziba into ehlukile kunezinto ezihlanganisayo. Kudingeka siveze ukuthi izinto eziyisisekelo zihlala zihlukene futhi zihlukile esakhiweni. Umgomo wokukhiqiza into eyinhlanganisela ukuthola umkhiqizo ongaphezu kwezingxenye zawo futhi uhlanganise izici ezifiselekayo zengxenye ngayinye. Njengesibonelo; amandla, isisindo esiphansi noma intengo ephansi kungase kube umgqugquzeli ngemuva kokuklama nokukhiqiza inhlanganisela. Uhlobo lwezinhlanganisela esizinikezayo ziyizinhlanganisela eziqiniswe yizinhlayiyana, izinhlanganisela eziqiniswe nge-fiber okuhlanganisa i-ceramic-matrix / i-polymer-matrix / i-metal-matrix / i-carbon-carbon / hybrid composite, izinhlanganisela zesakhiwo & laminated & isangweji-structured nama-nanocomposites.

 

Amasu okwenziwa esiwasebenzisa ekukhiqizeni izinto eziyinhlanganisela yilawa: I-Pultrusion, izinqubo zokukhiqiza ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukubekwa kwefayibha okuthuthukisiwe, ukugoqa kwefilament, ukubekwa kwefayibha ehambisanayo, inqubo yokubeka i-fiberglass spray, tufting, inqubo ye-lanxide, i-z-pinning.
Izinto eziningi eziyinhlanganisela zenziwe ngezigaba ezimbili, i-matrix, eqhubekayo futhi ezungeze esinye isigaba; kanye nesigaba esihlakaziwe esizungezwe i-matrix.
Sincoma ukuthi uchofoze lapha ukuzeLANDA Imifanekiso yethu Yohlelo Lwezinto Ezihlanganisiwe kanye Nokwenziwa Kwezinto Ezihlanganisiwe yi-AGS-TECH Inc.
Lokhu kuzokusiza uqonde kangcono ulwazi esikunikeza lona ngezansi. 

 

• IZINKHIMBA EZIQINISEKISE INGXENYE : Lesi sigaba siqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili: Izinhlanganisela zezinhlayiyana ezinkulu nezinhlanganisela eziqiniswe ukuhlakazeka. Ohlotsheni lwangaphambili, ukusebenzisana kwezinhlayiyana ze-matrix akukwazi ukwelashwa ezingeni le-athomu noma lamangqamuzana. Kunalokho i-continuum mechanics iyasebenza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuma-composites aqiniswe ukuhlakazeka izinhlayiya ngokuvamile zincane kakhulu kububanzi be-nanometer obungamashumi. Isibonelo senhlanganisela yezinhlayiyana ezinkulu ama-polymers okufakwe kuwo izigcwalisi. Ama-fillers athuthukisa izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo futhi angashintsha enye yevolumu ye-polymer ngezinto ezonga kakhulu. Izingxenye zevolumu zezigaba ezimbili zithonya ukuziphatha kwenhlanganisela. Izinhlanganisela ezinkulu zezinhlayiya zisetshenziswa ngezinsimbi, ama-polymers nezitsha zobumba. Ama-CERMETS ayizibonelo zezinhlanganisela ze-ceramic / metal. I-cermet yethu ejwayelekile kakhulu i-carbide enosimende. Iqukethe i-refractory carbide ceramic njengezinhlayiya ze-tungsten carbide ku-matrix yensimbi efana ne-cobalt noma i-nickel. Lezi zinhlanganisela ze-carbide zisetshenziswa kabanzi njengamathuluzi okusika ensimbi eqinile. Izinhlayiya ze-carbide eziqinile zinesibopho sesenzo sokusika futhi ukuqina kwazo kuthuthukiswa yi-ductile metal matrix. Ngakho sithola izinzuzo zazo zombili izinto zokwakha endaweni eyodwa. Esinye isibonelo esivamile senhlanganisela yezinhlayiyana ezinkulu esizisebenzisayo izinhlayiya ze-carbon black ezixutshwe nenjoloba ecijile ukuze sithole inkimbi enamandla aqine kakhulu, ukuqina, ukudabuka nokungezwani kwemihuzuko. Isibonelo se-composite eqiniswe ukuhlakazeka yizinsimbi kanye nama-alloys ensimbi aqiniswe futhi aqiniswe ukuhlakazeka okufanayo kwezinhlayiya ezinhle zezinto ezinzima kakhulu futhi ezingenasici. Lapho ama-aluminium oxide amancane kakhulu engezwa ku-matrix yensimbi ye-aluminium sithola i-sintered aluminium powder enamandla athuthukisiwe ezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. 

 

• IZINKHIWO EZIQINISEKILE NGE-FIBER : Lesi sigaba sezinhlanganisela empeleni sibaluleke kakhulu. Umgomo wokufinyelela ungamandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina kweyunithi ngayinye yesisindo. Ukwakheka kwefayibha, ubude, umumo nokugxila kulezi zinhlanganisela kubalulekile ekunqumeni izakhiwo kanye nokuba wusizo kwalezi zinto. Kunamaqembu amathathu emicu esiyisebenzisayo: amadevu, imicu kanye nezintambo. AMA-whiskers azacile kakhulu futhi amade amakristalu awodwa. Ziphakathi kwezinto eziqine kakhulu. Ezinye izinto ze-whisker ziyi-graphite, i-silicon nitride, i-aluminium oxide.  FIBERS ngakolunye uhlangothi ngokuvamile ama-polymers noma izitsha zobumba futhi asesimweni se-polycrystalline noma se-amorphous. Iqembu lesithathu yiZINKHIMBO ezinhle ezinobubanzi obukhulu ngokuqhathaniswa futhi ezihlanganisa ngokuvamile insimbi noma i-tungsten. Isibonelo senhlanganisela eqiniswe ngocingo amathayi emoto ahlanganisa izintambo zensimbi ngaphakathi kwerabha. Ngokuya ngezinto ze-matrix, sinezinhlanganisela ezilandelayo:
I-POLYMER-MATRIX COMPOSITES : Lezi zenziwe nge-polymer resin nemicu njengesithako sokuqinisa. Iqembu elincane lalezi ezibizwa ngokuthi I-Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites iqukethe imicu yengilazi eqhubekayo noma engaqhubeki ngaphakathi kwe-polymer matrix. Ingilazi inikeza amandla aphezulu, iyonga, kulula ukuyenza ibe imicu, futhi ayisebenzi ngamakhemikhali. Okubi ukuqina nokuqina kwazo okulinganiselwe, amazinga okushisa esevisi afinyelela ku-200 - 300 Centigrade kuphela. I-Fiberglass ifanele imizimba yezimoto nemishini yokuhamba, imizimba yezimoto zasolwandle, iziqukathi zokugcina. Azikulungele ukwenza i-aerospace noma ukwenziwa kwebhuloho ngenxa yokuqina okulinganiselwe. Elinye iqembu elincane libizwa nge-Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composite. Lapha, ikhabhoni iyi-fiber material yethu ku-matrix ye-polymer. Ikhabhoni yaziwa ngemodulus yayo ethile ephezulu namandla namandla ayo okugcina lezi zisezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. Amafayibha ekhabhoni angasinika imoduli esezingeni, emaphakathi, ephezulu nephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-carbon fibers anikeza izici ezihlukahlukene zomzimba nezomshini ngakho-ke afanelekela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene zobunjiniyela ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Izinhlanganisela ze-CFRP zingabhekwa njengokukhiqiza imishini yezemidlalo neyokungcebeleka, imikhumbi yokucindezela kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo se-aerospace. Kodwa-ke, elinye iqembu elincane, i-Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites nayo inamandla aphezulu kanye nezinto zokwakha zemodulus. Amandla abo nezilinganiso zesisindo aphezulu kakhulu. Imicu ye-Aramid nayo yaziwa ngamagama okuhweba KEVLAR kanye no-NOMEX. Ngaphansi kokucindezeleka zenza kangcono kunezinye izinto ze-polymeric fiber, kodwa zibuthakathaka ekucindezelekeni. Imicu ye-Aramid iqinile, imelana nokushayisana, imelana nokukhathala, izinzile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ayizinzi ngamakhemikhali ngaphandle kwama-asidi aqinile nezisekelo. Imicu ye-Aramid isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimpahleni zemidlalo, amavesti angangenwa izinhlamvu, amathayi, izintambo, amashethi ekhebula le-fiber optic. Ezinye izinto zokuqinisa i-fiber zikhona kodwa zisetshenziswa ngezinga elincane. Lezi yi-boron, i-silicon carbide, i-aluminium oxide ikakhulukazi. I-matrix ye-polymer ngakolunye uhlangothi nayo ibalulekile. Inquma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesevisi lenhlanganisela ngoba i-polymer ngokuvamile inezinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuncibilika nokuwohloka. Ama-polyester nama-vinyl esters asetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-polymer matrix. Ama-resin nawo asetshenziswa futhi anokumelana okuhle kakhulu nomswakama kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Isibonelo i-polyimide resin ingasetshenziswa kufika ku-230 Degrees Celcius. 
IZINKHIWO ZOKUMETAL-MATRIX : Kulezi zinto sisebenzisa i-matrix yensimbi eyi-ductile futhi amazinga okushisa esevisi ngokuvamile aphezulu kunezingxenye zawo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlanganisela ze-polymer-matrix, lezi zingaba namazinga okushisa aphakeme okusebenza, zingashi, futhi zingase zibe nokungabekezeleleki okungcono kokonakala ngokumelene noketshezi oluphilayo. Nokho ayabiza kakhulu. Izinto zokuqinisa ezifana nentshebe, izinhlayiya, imicu eqhubekayo futhi engapheli; kanye nezinto ze-matrix ezifana nethusi, i-aluminium, i-magnesium, i-titanium, ama-superalloys asetshenziswa kakhulu. Izibonelo zezinhlelo zokusebenza izingxenye zenjini ezenziwe nge-aluminium ingxubevange ye-matrix eqiniswe nge-aluminium oxide nemicu ye-carbon. 
CERAMIC-MATRIX COMPOSITES : Izinto zobumba zaziwa ngokuthembeka kwazo okuhle kakhulu kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Kodwa-ke ama-brittle kakhulu futhi anenani eliphansi lokuqina kokuphuka. Ngokushumeka izinhlayiya, imicu noma amadevu e-ceramic eyodwa ku-matrix yenye siyakwazi ukufeza izinhlanganisela ezinokuqina kokuphuka okuphezulu. Lezi zinto ezishumekiwe zivimbela ngokuyisisekelo ukusakazeka kokuqhekeka ngaphakathi kwe-matrix ngezinye izindlela ezinjengokuchezukisa amathiphu okuqhekeka noma ukwenza amabhuloho ebusweni bokuqhekeka. Njengesibonelo, ama-alumina aqiniswa ngentshebe ye-SiC asetshenziswa njengokufakwa kwamathuluzi okusika ukwenza ama-alloys ensimbi eqinile. Lokhu kungaveza ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-carbides asimende.  
IZIQINISEKISO ZE-CARBON-CARBON : Kokubili ukuqinisa kanye ne-matrix kuyikhabhoni. Zine-moduli ephezulu eqinile namandla emazingeni okushisa angaphezulu kuka-2000 Centigrade, ukumelana ne-creep, ukuqina kokuphuka okuphezulu, ama-coefficients aphansi okunweba okushisayo, ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okuphezulu. Lezi zakhiwo zizenza zilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo. Ubuthaka bezinhlanganisela zekhabhoni-carbon nokho ukuba sengozini kwayo ekulweni ne-oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa ukubunjwa kokucindezela okushisayo, ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zenjini ye-turbine ethuthukisiwe. 
IZINJONGO ZAMAHYBRID : Izinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezihlukene zemicu zixutshwa ku-matrix eyodwa. Ngakho-ke umuntu angakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okusha ngenhlanganisela yezinto. Isibonelo lapho kokubili i-carbon nengilazi imicu ihlanganiswa ne-polymeric resin. Amafayibha ekhabhoni ahlinzeka ngokuqina okuphansi kokuqina namandla kodwa ayabiza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi ingilazi ayibizi kodwa ayinakho ukuqina kwe-carbon fibers. Inhlanganisela ye-glass-carbon hybrid hybrid inamandla futhi iqinile futhi ingenziwa ngezindleko eziphansi.
UKUHLANGANISWA KWEZINKHIMBA EZIQINISELWE I-FIBER : Kumapulasitiki aqhubekayo aqiniswe ngefayibha anemicu esatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo eqondiswe ohlangothini olufanayo sisebenzisa amasu alandelayo.
I-PULTRUSION: Izinduku, imishayo namashubhu anobude obuqhubekayo kanye nezigaba ezinqamulayo ezingashintshi ziyakhiqizwa. Ama-fiber rovings aqhubekayo ahlanganiswe ne-thermosetting resin futhi adonswa nge-steel die ukuze awamise abe yisimo oyifunayo. Okulandelayo, badlula emshinini wokuphulukisa owenziwe ngomshini ukuze bathole ukuma kwawo kokugcina. Njengoba ukufa kokwelapha kushisa, kwelapha i-resin matrix. Abadonsayo badweba izinto ngokusebenzisa ama-dies. Ngokusebenzisa ama-cores angenalutho, siyakwazi ukuthola amashubhu namajometri angenalutho. Indlela ye-pultrusion i-automated futhi isinika amanani aphezulu okukhiqiza. Noma ibuphi ubude bomkhiqizo bungakhiqizwa. 
INKQUBO YOKUKHIQIWA KWA-PREPREG : I-Prepreg iyi-fiber eqhubekayo eqinisayo efakwe ngaphambili nge-polymer resin elashwe kancane. Isetshenziselwa kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza zesakhiwo. Impahla iza ngendlela ye-tape futhi ithunyelwa njenge-tape. Umkhiqizi uyibumba ngokuqondile futhi uyelapha ngokugcwele ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwengeza noma iyiphi inhlaka. Njengoba ama-prepregs ethola ukusabela kokwelapha ekamelweni lokushisa, agcinwa ku-0 Centigrade noma emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa amateyipu asele agcinwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Kusetshenziswa izinhlaka ze-Thermoplastic kanye ne-thermosetting futhi imicu yokuqinisa yekhabhoni, i-aramid nengilazi ijwayelekile. Ukuze usebenzise ama-prepreg, iphepha lokusekela lenkampani yenethiwekhi liyasuswa kuqala bese ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ngokubeka itheyiphu ye-prepreg endaweni enamathuluzi (inqubo yokubeka). Kungase kubekwe ama-plies amaningana ukuze kutholwe ubukhulu obufunekayo. Umkhuba ovamile ukushintsha i-fiber orientation ukukhiqiza i-cross-ply noma i-angle-ply laminate. Ekugcineni kufakwa ukushisa nokucindezela ukuze kwelashwe. Kokubili ukucubungula ngesandla kanye nezinqubo ezizenzakalelayo zisetshenziselwa ukusika ama-prepregs kanye nokubeka phezulu.
I-FILAMENT WINING : Amafayibha aqinisayo aqhubekayo amiswe ngokunembile kuphethini enqunywe kusengaphambili ukuze alandele okungenalutho  futhi ngokuvamile umumo we-cyclindirical. Imicu iqala idlule kubhavu we-resin bese ilinyazwa ku-mandrel ngohlelo oluzenzakalelayo. Ngemva kokuphindwaphindwa okuphindwaphindwayo okuphindwaphindwayo kutholakala ugqinsi olufunwayo futhi ukuphulukiswa kwenziwa endaweni yokushisa yasekamelweni noma kuhhavini. Manje i-mandrel isusiwe futhi umkhiqizo udilizwa. I-Filament winding inganikeza izilinganiso eziphezulu kakhulu zamandla nesisindo ngokusonta imicu ngamaphethini ayisiyingi, i-helical kanye ne-polar. Amapayipi, amathangi, ama-casings akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa le nqubo. 

 

• IZIKHIWO ZOKUQUKETHWA : Ngokujwayelekile lezi zenziwa yikho kokubili okufana nokuhlanganisayo. Ngakho-ke izakhiwo zalezi zinqunywa izinto ezikhona kanye nomklamo wejometri wezakhi zawo. Nazi izinhlobo ezinkulu:
IZIQINISEKISO ZE-LAMINAR : Lezi zinto zesakhiwo zenziwe ngamashidi anezinhlangothi ezimbili noma amaphaneli anezikhombisi-ndlela ezikhethwayo zamandla aphezulu. Izendlalelo ziyapakishwa futhi zihlanganiswe ndawonye. Ngokushintshanisa izikhombisi-ndlela zamandla aphezulu kuma-axes amabili e-perpendicular, sithola inhlanganisela enamandla amakhulu kuzo zombili izinkomba endizeni enezinhlangothi ezimbili. Ngokulungisa ama-engeli ezingqimba umuntu angakwazi ukukhiqiza inhlanganisela enamandla ngezindlela ezithandwayo. Ukushushuluza kwesimanje kukhiqizwa ngale ndlela. 
I-SANDWICH PANEL : Lezi zinhlanganisela zesakhiwo azisindi kodwa zibe nokuqina okukhulu namandla. Amaphaneli eSandwich aqukethe amashidi angaphandle amabili enziwe ngezinto eziqinile neziqinile njengama-alloys e-aluminium, amapulasitiki aqiniswe ngefayibha noma insimbi kanye nomgogodla phakathi kwamashidi angaphandle. Umgogodla udinga ukuba ube lula futhi isikhathi esiningi ube ne-modulus ephansi yokunwebeka. Izinto ezisemqoka ezidumile amagwebu e-polymeric aqinile, ukhuni namakhekheba ezinyosi. Amapaneli e-Sandwich asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezokwakha njengezinto zokufulela, izinto eziphansi noma zodonga, futhi nasezimbonini ze-aerospace.  

 

• I-NANOCOMPOSITES : Lezi zinsiza ezintsha zihlanganisa izinhlayiya ze-nanosized ezishumekwe ku-matrix. Ngokusebenzisa ama-nanocomposites singakha izinto zenjoloba eziyizithiyo ezinhle kakhulu zokungena komoya kuyilapho sinakekela izakhiwo zazo zenjoloba zingashintshile.