I-Nanoscale Manufacturing / Nanomanufacturing

Izingxenye zethu zesikali sobude be-nanometer kanye nemikhiqizo kukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa NANOSCALE MANUFACTURING / NANOMANUFACTURING. Le ndawo isencane, kodwa inezithembiso ezinkulu zekusasa. Imishini eyenziwe nge-molecularly, imithi, i-pigments...njll. ziyathuthukiswa futhi sisebenzisana nozakwethu ukuze sihlale ngaphambi komncintiswano. Okulandelayo ngeminye yemikhiqizo etholakalayo kwezohwebo esiyinikezayo njengamanje:

 

 

 

I-CARBON NANOTUBES

 

I-NANOPARTICLES

 

I-NANOPHASE CERAMICS

 

I-CARBON BLACK REINFORCEMENT yerabha nama-polymers

 

NANOCOMPOSITES emabholeni ethenisi, amalulwane e-baseball, izithuthuthu namabhayisikili

 

MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES yokugcina idatha

 

NANOPARTICLE catalytic converters

 

 

 

Ama-Nanomatadium angaba yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinhlobo ezine, okuyizinsimbi, izitsha zobumba, ama-polymer noma izinhlanganisela. Ngokuvamile, NANOSTRUCTURES zingaphansi kwama-nanometer angu-100.

 

 

 

Ku-nanomanufacturing sithatha indlela eyodwa kwezimbili. Njengesibonelo, endleleni yethu eya phezulu sithatha isicwecwana se-silicon, sisebenzisa i-lithography, izindlela zokunamathisela ezimanzi nezomile ukuze sakhe ama-microprocessors amancane, izinzwa, ama-probe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, endleleni yethu yokwenza ama-nanomanufacturing aphansi phezulu sisebenzisa ama-athomu nama-molecule ukwakha amadivaysi amancane. Ezinye zezici zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezivezwa yindaba zingase zibe nezinguquko ezidlulele njengoba usayizi wezinhlayiyana usondela kubukhulu be-athomu. Izinto ezi-opaque esimweni sazo se-macroscopic zingase zibe sobala ku-nanoscale yazo. Izinto ezizinzile kumakhemikhali ku-macrostate zingasha ku-nanoscale yazo futhi izinto zokuvikela ugesi zingaba amakhondatha. Okwamanje okulandelayo kuphakathi kwemikhiqizo yezentengiso esikwazi ukuyinikeza:

 

 

 

AMADIVAYISI EKHABONI NANOTUBE (CNT) / NANOTUBES: Singakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo ama-carbon nanotubes njengezinhlobo zamashubhu zegraphite lapho kungakhiwa khona amadivaysi e-nanoscale. I-CVD, i-laser ablation ye-graphite, ukukhishwa kwe-carbon-arc kungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amadivayisi we-carbon nanotube. Ama-Nanotube ahlukaniswa njengama-nanotubes anodonga olulodwa (ama-SWNT) kanye nama-nanotubes anezindonga eziningi (MWNTs) futhi angafakwa nezinye izici. Ama-Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) angama-allotropes ekhabhoni ane-nanostructure engaba nesilinganiso sobude ukuya kububanzi obukhulu kuno-10,000,000 futhi sifike ku-40,000,000 nangaphezulu. Lawa ma-molecule e-cylindrical carbon anezakhiwo eziwenza abe wusizo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ku-nanotechnology, electronics, optics, architecture kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi yezinto zokwakha. Zibonisa amandla angavamile kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi eziyingqayizivele, futhi zingabaqhubi abaphumelelayo bokushisa. Ama-Nanotubes nama-buckyball ayindilinga angamalungu omndeni wesakhiwo esigcwele. I-cylindrical nanotube ivamise ukuba nesiphetho esisodwa esivalwe nge-hemisphere yesakhiwo se-buckyball. Igama elithi nanotube lisuselwa kusayizi wayo, njengoba ububanzi be-nanotube bulandelana ngama-nanometer ambalwa, nobude obungenani amamilimitha ambalwa. Imvelo yokubopha i-nanotube ichazwa nge-orbital hybridization. Isibopho samakhemikhali se-nanotubes sakhiwe ngokuphelele ngamabhondi e-sp2, afana nalawo e-graphite. Lesi sakhiwo sokubopha, sinamandla kunezibopho ze-sp3 ezitholakala kumadayimane, futhi sinikeza ama-molecule amandla awo ayingqayizivele. Ama-Nanotubes ngokwemvelo aziqondanisa abe yizintambo ezibanjwe ndawonye amandla ka-Van der Waals. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ama-nanotubes angahlangana ndawonye, ahwebe amanye amabhondi e-sp2 amabhondi e-sp3, okunikeza ithuba lokukhiqiza izintambo eziqinile, ezinobude obungenamkhawulo ngokuxhumanisa i-nanotube enengcindezi ephezulu. Amandla nokuguquguquka kwe-carbon nanotubes kuwenza akwazi ukusetshenziswa ekulawuleni ezinye izakhiwo ze-nanoscale. Ama-nanotube anodonga olulodwa anamandla aqinile phakathi kuka-50 no-200 GPa akhiqiziwe, futhi lawa manani acishe ahleleke ngobukhulu kunama-carbon fibers. Amanani e-elastic modulus aku-oda ye-1 Tetrapascal (1000 GPa) enezinkinga zokuphuka phakathi kwe-5% kuya ku-20%. Izici ezivelele zemishini ye-carbon nanotubes zisenza siwasebenzise engutsheni eqinile negiya lezemidlalo, amajakhethi okulwa. Ama-nanotube ekhabhoni anamandla afana nedayimane, futhi alukwa abe izingubo ukuze akhe izingubo ezingagwazi nezingangenwa izinhlamvu. Ngokuxhumanisa ama-molecule e-CNT ngaphambi kokufakwa ku-matrix ye-polymer singakwazi ukwakha into eyinhlanganisela yamandla aphezulu kakhulu. Le nhlanganisela ye-CNT ingaba namandla aqinile ngokuhleleka kwe-psi eyizigidi ezingu-20 (138 GPa), iguqule umklamo wobunjiniyela lapho kudingeka khona isisindo esiphansi namandla aphezulu. Ama-nanotubes e-carbon aveza futhi izindlela ezingavamile zokuqhuba zamanje. Kuye ngokuma kwamayunithi anezinhlangothi ezine endizeni yegraphene (okungukuthi izindonga zeshubhu) ezine-axis yeshubhu, ama-carbon nanotubes angase aziphathe njengezinsimbi noma ama-semiconductors. Njengamakhondatha, ama-carbon nanotubes anamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuthwala amandla kagesi. Amanye ama-nanotubes angase akwazi ukuthwala ukuminyana kwamanje izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-1000 kunesiliva noma ithusi. Ama-nanotubes e-carbon afakwe kuma-polymer athuthukisa amandla awo okukhipha ugesi omile. Lokhu kunezinhlelo zokusebenza emigqeni kaphethiloli wemoto kanye nendiza kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamathangi okugcina i-hydrogen ezimotweni ezisebenza nge-hydrogen. Ama-nanotubes e-carbon abonise ukubonisa ama-electron-phonon resonances aqinile, abonisa ukuthi ngaphansi kokuchema okuthile kwamanje (DC) kanye nezimo zokusebenzisa i-doping yamanje kanye ne-avareji yesivinini se-electron, kanye nokugxiliswa kwama-electron kushubhu oscillate kumaza we-terahertz. Lawa ma-resonance angasetshenziswa ukwenza imithombo ye-terahertz noma izinzwa. Ama-Transistors kanye namasekhethi enkumbulo ahlanganisiwe e-nanotube abonisiwe. I-carbon nanotubes isetshenziswa njengomkhumbi wokuthutha izidakamizwa emzimbeni. I-nanotube ivumela ukuthi umthamo womuthi wehliswe ngokwenza ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kube okwasendaweni. Lokhu kuyasebenza futhi kwezomnotho ngenxa yamanani aphansi ezidakamizwa ezisetshenziswayo. Isidakamizwa singaxhunywa eceleni kwe-nanotube noma silandele ngemuva, noma umuthi ungafakwa ngempela ngaphakathi kwe-nanotube. Ama-nanotubes ayinqwaba ayinqwaba yezingcezu ezingahlelekile zama-nanotubes. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-nanotube ngobuningi zingase zingafinyeleli amandla aqinile afana nalawo amashubhu ngamanye, kodwa izinhlanganisela ezinjalo zingase ziveze amandla anele ezisetshenziswa eziningi. Ama-carbon nanotubes amaningi asetshenziswa njengemicu eyinhlanganisela kuma-polymers ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhi zemishini, ezishisayo nezikagesi zomkhiqizo omningi. Amafilimu e-transparent, conductive e-carbon nanotubes acatshangelwa ukuthi athathe indawo ye-indium tin oxide (ITO). Amafilimu e-Carbon nanotube aqine ngokwemishini kunamafilimu e-ITO, awenza alungele izikrini zokuthinta ezinokwethenjelwa kanye nezibonisi eziguqukayo. Oyinki abaphrintekayo abasuselwe emanzini bamafilimu e-carbon nanotube bayafiswa ukuthi bangene esikhundleni se-ITO. Amafilimu e-Nanotube abonisa isithembiso sokusebenzisa ekubonisweni kwamakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, ama-ATM….etc. Ama-nanotubes asetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa ama-ultracapacitor. Amalahle acushiwe asetshenziswa kuma-ultracapacitor avamile anezikhala eziningi ezincane ezingenalutho ezinosayizi wokusabalalisa, okudala ndawonye indawo enkulu yokugcina amashaji kagesi. Kodwa-ke njengoba inkokhiso ibalwa ibe ngamashaji aphansi, okungukuthi ama-electron, futhi ngayinye yalezi idinga isikhala esincane, ingxenye enkulu yendawo ye-electrode ayitholakali ukuze igcinwe ngoba izikhala ezingenalutho zincane kakhulu. Ngama-electrode enziwe ngama-nanotubes, izikhala zihlelelwe ukuthi zivumelane nosayizi, ezimbalwa kuphela zibe zikhulu kakhulu noma zibe zincane kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho amandla azokwanda. Iseli elanga elakhiwe lisebenzisa i-carbon nanotube complex, eyenziwe ngama-carbon nanotubes ahlanganiswe namabhola ekhabhoni amancane (abizwa nangokuthi ama-Fullerenes) ukuze akhe izakhiwo ezifana nenyoka. Ama-Buckyballs abamba ama-electron, kodwa awakwazi ukwenza ama-electron ageleze. Lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kujabulisa ama-polymer, ama-buckyballs abamba ama-electron. Ama-Nanotubes, aziphatha njengezintambo zethusi, azokwazi-ke ukwenza ama-electron noma ukugeleza kwamanje.

 

 

 

I-NANOPARTICLES: Ama-Nanoparticles angabhekwa njengebhuloho phakathi kwezinto eziningi kanye nezakhiwo ze-athomu noma zamangqamuzana. Impahla eyinqwaba ngokuvamile inezinto ezibonakalayo ezingaguquki kuyo yonke indawo ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo, kodwa ku-nanoscale ngokuvamile akunjalo. Izakhiwo ezincike kusayizi zibonwa njengokuvalelwa kwe-quantum ezinhlayiyeni ze-semiconductor, i-surface plasmon resonance kwezinye izinhlayiya zensimbi kanye ne-superparamagnetism ezintweni kazibuthe. Izakhiwo zezinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyashintsha njengoba ubukhulu bazo buncishiselwa ku-nanoscale futhi njengoba iphesenti lama-athomu angaphezulu liba likhulu. Ezintweni eziyinqwaba ezinkulu kune-micrometer iphesenti lama-athomu angaphezulu lincane kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nenani eliphelele lama-athomu kwinto. Izakhiwo ezihlukile nezivelele ze-nanoparticles ngokwengxenye kungenxa yezingxenye zobuso bezinto ezibusa izakhiwo esikhundleni sezakhiwo eziningi. Isibonelo, ukugotshwa kwethusi eliningi kwenzeka ngokunyakaza kwama-athomu/amaqoqo ethusi cishe esikalini esingu-50 nm. Ama-nanoparticles e-Copper amancane kuno-50 nm athathwa njengezinto eziqinile kakhulu ezingabonisi ukuqina okufanayo kanye ne-ductility njengethusi eliningi. Ushintsho lwezakhiwo alufiseleki ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinto zikagesi ze-Ferroelectric ezincane kuno-10 nm zingashintsha isiqondiso sazo sokudonsa amandla zisebenzisa izinga lokushisa elishisayo legumbi, zizenze zingabi namsebenzi wokugcina inkumbulo. Ukumiswa kwama-nanoparticles kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ukusebenzisana kwendawo yezinhlayiyana ne-solvent kuqine ngokwanele ukuze kunqobe umehluko wokuminyana, okuthi ezinhlayiyeni ezinkulu kuvame ukuphumela ekutheni into ethile izike noma intante oketshezini. Ama-Nanoparticles anezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezingalindelekile ngoba mancane ngokwanele ukuvala ama-electron awo futhi akhiqize imiphumela ye-quantum. Isibonelo ama-nanoparticles egolide abonakala ebomvu ngokujulile kuya kumnyama esixazululo. Indawo enkulu nesilinganiso sevolumu inciphisa izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo lama-nanoparticles. Indawo ephezulu kakhulu nesilinganiso sevolumu ye-nanoparticles inamandla okusabalalisa. I-Sintering ingenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ngesikhathi esincane kunezinhlayiya ezinkulu. Lokhu akufanele kuthinte ukuminyana komkhiqizo wokugcina, noma kunjalo ubunzima bokugeleza kanye nokuthambekela kwe-nanoparticles ukuhlanganisa kungabangela izinkinga. Ukuba khona kwe-Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles kunikeza umphumela wokuzihlanza, futhi usayizi we-nanorange, izinhlayiya azikwazi ukubonakala. Ama-nanoparticles e-Zinc Oxide anezakhiwo zokuvinjwa kwe-UV futhi afakwa ezintweni zokugcoba ezivikela ilanga. Ama-nanoparticles obumba noma i-carbon black uma ehlanganiswa kumatikuletsheni we-polymer akhulisa ukuqina, esinikeza amapulasitiki aqinile, anamazinga okushisa aphakeme engilazi. Lawa ma-nanoparticles aqinile, futhi adlulisela izakhiwo zawo ku-polymer. Ama-nanoparticles anamathele emicu yendwangu angakha izingubo ezihlakaniphile nezisebenzayo.

 

 

 

I-NANOPHASE CERAMICS: Ukusebenzisa izinhlayiya ze-nanoscale ekukhiqizeni izinto zobumba singaba nokwanda ngesikhathi esisodwa nokukhulu kukho kokubili amandla kanye ne-ductility. Izitsha zobumba ze-Nanophase nazo zisetshenziselwa ukucubungula ngenxa yezilinganiso zazo eziphezulu zendawo nendawo. Izinhlayiya ze-Nanophase ceramic ezifana ne-SiC nazo zisetshenziswa njengokuqinisa ezinsimbi ezifana ne-aluminium matrix.

 

 

 

Uma ungacabanga ngesicelo se-nanomanufacturing esiwusizo ebhizinisini lakho, sazise futhi samukele imibono yethu. Singaklama, siyisibonelo, senze, sihlole futhi sikulethele lokhu. Sibeka inani elikhulu ekuvikelweni kwempahla yengqondo futhi singenza amalungiselelo akhethekile ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi imiklamo nemikhiqizo yakho ayikopishwa. Abaklami bethu be-nanotechnology kanye nonjiniyela be-nanomanufacturing bangabanye abahamba phambili Emhlabeni futhi bangabantu abafanayo abathuthukise ezinye zezisetshenziswa ezithuthuke kakhulu nezincane kakhulu Emhlabeni.