Ngegama elithi ELECTRONIC TESTER sibhekisela kumishini yokuhlola esetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukuhlola, ukuhlola nokuhlaziya izingxenye nezinhlelo zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi. Sinikeza ezidume kakhulu embonini:

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IZIMPASI KANYE NAMADIVAYISI OKUKHIPHA AMANDLA: UKUNIKEZELA KWAMANDLA, IGENERETHA ESAYINILE, IFREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER, FUNCTION generator, DIGITAL PATTERN generator, PULSE generator, SIGNAL InjeCTOR

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AMAMTHA: IZIQINISEKISO ZEDIGIJITHI, I-LCR METER, I-EMF METER, I-CAPACITANCE METER, I-BRIDGE INSTRUMENT, I-CLAMP METER, I-GAUSSMETER / TESLAMETER/ MAGNETOMETER, IMITHA YOKUMELANA YASE-GROUND

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ABAHLAZIYI: OSCILLOSCOPES, LOGIC ANALYZER, SPECTRUM ANALYZER, PROTOCOL ANALYZER, VECTOR SIGNAL ANALYZER, TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER, SEMICONDUCTOR CURVE TRACER, NETWORK ANALYZER, PHASECOUNT ROTATION

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Ukuze uthole imininingwane nezinye izinto ezifanayo, sicela uvakashele iwebhusayithi yethu yemishini: http://www.sourceindustrialsupply.com

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Ake sihlole kafushane eminye yale mishini esetshenziswa nsuku zonke kuyo yonke imboni:

 

Izinto zikagesi esizihlinzekayo ngezinjongo ze-metrology zingamadivayisi ahlukene, amabhentshi kanye nezizimele zodwa. I-ADJUSTABLE REGULATED ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLIES ingezinye ezidume kakhulu, ngoba amanani azo okukhiphayo angalungiswa futhi i-voltage yazo yokuphuma noma yamanje igcinwe ingashintshi ngisho noma kunokuhlukahluka ku-voltage yokufaka noma umthamo wamanje. IMISEBENZI YAMANDLA EHLUKILEYO inamandla aphumayo azimele ngogesi ezintweni zawo zamandla. Ngokuya ngendlela yabo yokuguqula amandla, kune-LINEAR kanye ne-SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES. Amandla omugqa acubungula amandla okufakwayo ngqo nazo zonke izingxenye zawo zokuguqula amandla asebenzayo ezisebenza ezindaweni eziwumugqa, kanti amandla ashintshayo anezingxenye ezisebenza kakhulu kumamodi angewona alayini (njengama-transistors) futhi aguqule amandla abe yi-AC noma i-DC pulses ngaphambili. ukucubungula. Ukushintshanisa ugesi ngokuvamile kusebenza kahle kakhulu kunelayini ngoba alahlekelwa amandla amancane ngenxa yezikhathi ezimfishane ezichithwa yizingxenye zazo ezifundeni zokusebenza eziwumugqa. Ngokuya ngohlelo lokusebenza, kusetshenziswa amandla e-DC noma e-AC. Amanye amadivaysi adumile ama-PROGRAMMABLE POWER SUPPLIES, lapho i-voltage, yamanje noma imvamisa ingalawulwa ukude ngokufakwayo kwe-analog noma isixhumi esibonakalayo sedijithali njenge-RS232 noma i-GPIB. Abaningi babo bane-microcomputer ebalulekile yokuqapha nokulawula ukusebenza. Amathuluzi anjalo abalulekile ngezinjongo zokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo. Ezinye izinto zikagesi zikagesi zisebenzisa umkhawulo wamanje esikhundleni sokunqamula ugesi uma ulayishwe kakhulu. Umkhawulo we-elekthronikhi uvame ukusetshenziswa kumathuluzi ohlobo lwebhentshi lelebhu. AMAGENERETHA ESIGINALI amanye amathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu elebhu nasembonini, akhiqiza amasiginali e-analog noma edijithali aphindaphindayo noma angaphindi. Okunye abuye abizwe ngokuthi AMA-FUNCTION GENERATORS, DIGITAL PATTERN GENERATORS noma AMAFREQUENCY GENERATOR. Amajeneretha asebenzayo akhiqiza amagagasi alula aphindaphindayo njengamagagasi e-sine, ama-step pulses, ama-waveforms ayisikwele & angunxantathu kanye nalawo angenangqondo. Ngamajeneretha e-waveform ezenzakalelayo umsebenzisi angakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-waveforms angenasizathu, ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo eshicilelwe yobubanzi bemvamisa, ukunemba, kanye nezinga lokuphumayo. Ngokungafani namajeneretha okusebenza, akhawulelwe kusethi elula yamagagasi, ijeneretha ye-waveform engafanele ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi acacise uhlobo lwamaza omthombo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezahlukene. I-RF kanye ne-MICROWAVE SIGNAL GENERATORS isetshenziselwa ukuhlola izingxenye, izemukeli namasistimu ezinhlelweni ezifana nokuxhumana kwamaselula, i-WiFi, i-GPS, ukusakaza, ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi namarada. Amajeneretha esignali e-RF ngokuvamile asebenza phakathi kwe-kHz embalwa kuya ku-6 GHz, kuyilapho amajeneretha amasignali e-microwave esebenza phakathi kwebanga elibanzi kakhulu lefrikhwensi, kusukela ngaphansi kuka-1 MHz kuya okungenani ku-20 GHz ngisho nangaphezulu kufikela kububanzi be-GHz obufika kumakhulu usebenzisa ihadiwe ekhethekile. Amajeneretha esignali e-RF kanye ne-microwave angahlukaniswa njengamajeneretha esiginali ye-analog noma ye-vector. I-AUDIO-FREQUENCY SIGNAL generators ikhiqiza amasignali ebangeni le-audio-frequency nangaphezulu. Banezinhlelo zokusebenza zelebhu ye-elekthronikhi ezibheka ukusabela kwemvamisa kwemishini yomsindo. AMAGENERETHA E-VECTOR SIGNAL, ngezinye izikhathi abuye abizwe ngokuthi AMAGENERATOR E-DIGITAL SIGNAL ayakwazi ukukhiqiza amasignali omsakazo amodelwa ngedijithali. Amajeneretha amasignali eVector angakhiqiza amasignali asekelwe kumazinga emboni afana ne-GSM, W-CDMA (UMTS) ne-Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11). AMAGENERATOR AMA-LOGIC SIGNAL abizwa nangokuthi I-DIGITAL PATTERN GENERATOR. Lawa majeneretha akhiqiza izinhlobo zamasiginali ezinengqondo, okungukuthi i-logic 1s kanye no-0s ngendlela yamazinga kagesi avamile. Amajeneretha esignali anengqondo asetshenziswa njengemithombo yokuvuselela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza nokuhlolwa kwamasekethe ahlanganisiwe edijithali namasistimu ashumekiwe. Amadivayisi ashiwo ngenhla asetshenziselwa inhloso evamile. Nokho maningi amanye amajeneretha esignali aklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza eziqondile. I-SIGNAL IJECTOR iyithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu futhi elisheshayo lokuxazulula inkinga lokulandelela isignali kusekhethi. Ochwepheshe banganquma isigaba esinephutha socingo olufana nesamukeli somsakazo ngokushesha okukhulu. Umjovo wesiginali ungasetshenziswa ekuphumeni kwesipika, futhi uma isignali izwakala umuntu angadlulela esigabeni esandulele sesekhethi. Kulokhu i-amplifier yomsindo, futhi uma isignali ejojowe izwakala futhi umuntu angahambisa umjovo wesignali phezulu ngezigaba zesekhethi kuze kube yilapho isignali ingasazwakala. Lokhu kuzosebenza inhloso yokuthola indawo yenkinga.

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I-MULTIMETER iyithuluzi lokulinganisa le-elekthronikhi elihlanganisa imisebenzi yokulinganisa embalwa kuyunithi eyodwa. Ngokuvamile, ama-multimeter akala i-voltage, yamanje, nokumelana. Zombili inguqulo yedijithali neye-analog iyatholakala. Sinikeza amayunithi ama-multimeter aphathwayo aphathwayo kanye namamodeli ebanga laselabhorethri anokulinganisa okuqinisekisiwe. Ama-multimeters esimanje angakala amapharamitha amaningi afana nalawa: I-Voltage (kokubili i-AC/DC), ngamavolthi, Yamanje (kokubili i-AC/DC), kuma-ampere, Ukuphikiswa kuma-ohms. Ukwengeza, ezinye izilinganiso zama-multimeters: I-Capacitance in farads, Conductance in siemens, Decibels, Duty cycle as a percentage, Frequency in hertz, Inductance in henries, Temperature in degrees Celsius noma Fahrenheit, kusetshenziswa i-probe yokuhlola izinga lokushisa. Amanye ama-multimeters afaka phakathi: Umhloli wokuqhubeka; imisindo lapho umjikelezo uqhuba, ama-Diodes (ilinganisa ukudonsa okuya phambili kokuhlangana kwe-diode), Ama-Transistors (isilinganiso sokuzuza kwamanje namanye amapharamitha), umsebenzi wokuhlola ibhethri, umsebenzi wokulinganisa izinga lokukhanya, umsebenzi wokulinganisa i-acidity & Alkalinity (pH) nomsebenzi wokulinganisa umswakama ohlobene. Ama-multimeters anamuhla avame ukuba yidijithali. Ama-multimeter edijithali yesimanje ngokuvamile anekhompuyutha eshumekiwe ukuze abenze amathuluzi anamandla kakhulu ku-metrology nokuhlola. Zihlanganisa izici ezifana nalezi:

 

•Ukulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo, okukhetha ububanzi obulungile benani elingaphansi kokuhlolwa ukuze kuboniswe amadijithi abaluleke kakhulu.

 

•I-Auto-polarity yokufundwa kwamanje okuqondile, ibonisa ukuthi i-voltage esetshenzisiwe ilungile noma inegethivu.

 

•Isampula nokubamba, okuzohlanganisa ukufundwa kwakamuva kakhulu ukuze kuhlolwe ngemva kokuba ithuluzi lisusiwe kusiyingi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa.

 

•Ukuhlola okukhawulelwe kwamanje kokwehla kwamandla kagesi kuwo wonke ama-semiconductor junctions. Noma kungesona isikhundla somhloli we-transistor, lesi sici sama-multimeters edijithali sisiza ukuhlola ama-diode nama-transistors.

 

•Ukumelwa kwegrafu yebha yenani elingaphansi kokuhlolwa ukuze kubonakale kangcono izinguquko ezisheshayo kumanani alinganiselwe.

 

•I-oscilloscope yomkhawulokudonsa ophansi.

 

•Izihloli zesekethe yezimoto ezinokuhlolwa kwesikhathi sezimoto namasiginali okuhlala.

 

•Isici sokutholwa kwedatha ukuze urekhode ubuningi nobuningi bokufundwa phakathi nenkathi ethile, kanye nokuthatha inani lamasampula ngezikhathi ezithile.

 

•Imitha ye-LCR ehlanganisiwe.

 

Amanye ama-multimeters angaxhunyaniswa namakhompyutha, kuyilapho amanye angagcina izilinganiso futhi azilayishe kukhompyutha.

 

Kanti elinye ithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu, i-LCR METER iyithuluzi le-metrology lokulinganisa i-inductance (L), i-capacitance (C), nokumelana (R) kwengxenye. I-impedance ilinganiswa ngaphakathi futhi iguqulelwe ukuze iboniswe kumthamo ohambelanayo noma inani le-inductance. Ukufundwa kuzonemba ngokunengqondo uma i-capacitor noma i-inductor ngaphansi kokuhlolwa ingenayo ingxenye ebalulekile yokumelana ne-impedance. Amamitha e-LCR athuthukisiwe alinganisa inductance ne-capacitance kwangempela, kanye nokumelana kochungechunge okufanayo kwama-capacitor kanye ne-Q factor yezingxenye ze-inductive. Idivayisi ehlolwayo ingaphansi komthombo kagesi we-AC futhi imitha ikala i-voltage yonkana kanye neyamanje ngedivayisi ehloliwe. Kusukela esilinganisweni se-voltage kuya kumanje imitha inganquma i-impedance. I-engeli yesigaba phakathi kwe-voltage kanye neyamanje nayo ikalwa kwamanye amathuluzi. Ngokuhambisana ne-impedance, amandla alinganayo noma inductance, nokumelana, kwedivayisi ehloliwe kungabalwa futhi kuboniswe. Amamitha e-LCR anamaza okuhlola akhethwayo angu-100 Hz, 120 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz, kanye no-100 kHz. Amamitha e-Benchtop LCR avamise ukuba namafrikhwensi okuhlola akhethwayo angaphezu kuka-100 kHz. Ngokuvamile zibandakanya amathuba okubeka ngaphezu kwe-voltage ye-DC noma yamanje kusiginali yokulinganisa ye-AC. Ngenkathi amanye amamitha enikeza ithuba lokuhlinzeka ngaphandle kwalawa ma-voltage e-DC noma ama-currents amanye amadivaysi anikezela ngawo ngaphakathi.

 

I-EMF METER iyithuluzi lokuhlola kanye ne-metrology lokulinganisa izinkambu ze-electromagnetic (EMF). Iningi lazo likala ukuminyana kwe-electromagnetic radiation flux (izinkambu ze-DC) noma ushintsho endaweni kazibuthe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (izinkambu ze-AC). Kukhona izinguqulo ze-axis eyodwa kanye ne-tri-axis instrument. Amamitha e-axis eyodwa abiza ngaphansi kwamamitha ama-tri-axis, kodwa kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuqedela ukuhlola ngoba imitha ikala ubukhulu obubodwa benkambu. Amamitha e-EMF e-eksisi eyodwa kufanele atshekiswe futhi avulwe womathathu ama-eksisi ukuze kuqedelwe ukulinganisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amamitha ama-tri-axis akala wonke ama-eksisi amathathu ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa abiza kakhulu. Imitha ye-EMF ingakala izinkambu zikazibuthe ze-AC, eziphuma emithonjeni efana nezintambo zikagesi, kuyilapho ama-GAUSSMETERS / TESLAMETERS noma MAGNETOMETERS ekala izinkambu ze-DC ezikhishwa emithonjeni lapho kukhona khona amandla aqondile. Iningi lamamitha e-EMF alinganisiwe ukuze kulinganiswe izinkambu ezishintshanayo ezingu-50 no-60 Hz ezihambisana nemvamisa kagesi omkhulu wase-US kanye nowaseYurophu. Kunamanye amamitha angakala izinkambu ezishintshana ngokuphansi njengo-20 Hz. Izilinganiso ze-EMF zingaba yi-broadband ebangeni elibanzi lamafrikhwensi noma ukuqapha okukhetha imvamisa kuphela ibanga lemvamisa lentshisekelo.

 

I-CAPACITANCE METER iyisisetshenziswa sokuhlola esisetshenziselwa ukukala umthamo wama-capacitor ahlukene kakhulu. Amanye amamitha abonisa amandla kuphela, kuyilapho amanye futhi abonisa ukuvuza, ukumelana nochungechunge okulingana, kanye ne-inductance. Izisetshenziswa zokuhlola eziphakeme zisebenzisa amasu afana nokufaka i-capacitor-under-test kumjikelezo webhuloho. Ngokushintsha amanani weminye imilenze ebhulohweni ukuze ulethe ibhuloho ekulinganiseni, inani le-capacitor engaziwa linqunywa. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukunemba okukhulu. Ibhuloho lingase futhi likwazi ukukala ukumelana nochungechunge kanye ne-inductance. Ama-Capacitor ebangeni ukusuka kuma-picofarad kuye kuma-farads angakalwa. Amasekhethi ebhuloho awalinganisi ukuvuza kwamanje, kodwa i-DC bias voltage ingasetshenziswa futhi ukuvuza kukalwe ngokuqondile. I-BRIDGE INSTRUMENTS eminingi ingaxhunywa kumakhompyutha futhi ukushintshaniswa kwedatha kwenziwe ukulanda ukufundwa noma ukulawula ibhuloho ngaphandle. Amathuluzi anjalo ebhuloho anikezela ngokuhlolwa kokuhamba/ukungahambeli kokuzenzakalelayo kokuhlolwa endaweni yokukhiqiza esheshayo nendawo yokulawula ikhwalithi.

 

Nokho, elinye ithuluzi lokuhlola, i-CLAMP METER iwukuhlola ugesi okuhlanganisa i-voltmeter nemitha yamanje yohlobo lwe-clamp. Izinguqulo eziningi zesimanje zamamitha okubamba ziyidijithali. Amamitha okubamba anamuhla anemisebenzi eminingi eyisisekelo ye-Digital Multimeter, kodwa ngesici esingeziwe se-transformer yamanje eyakhelwe kumkhiqizo. Uma ubamba “imihlathi” yensimbi eduze kwe-conductor ephethe i-ac current enkulu, leyo misinga ihlanganiswa emihlathini, efana nenkambo yensimbi yesiguquli samandla, futhi ingene ekujikeni kwesibili okuxhunywe ku-shunt yokokufaka kwemitha. , isimiso sokusebenza sifana kakhulu nesesiguquli. Umsinga omncane kakhulu ulethwa kokokufaka kwemitha ngenxa yesilinganiso senani lama-winding esibili nenani lama-winding ayisisekelo asongwe enkabeni. Owokuqala umelelwa umqhubi oyedwa lapho imihlathi iboshwe khona. Uma eyesibili inama-windings angu-1000, khona-ke i-current yesibili ingu-1/1000 yamanje egeleza kokuyinhloko, noma kulokhu i-conductor iyalinganiswa. Ngakho, i-amp engu-1 yamanje ku-conductor elinganiswayo izokhiqiza ama-amps angu-0.001 wamanje ngokokufaka kwemitha. Nge-clamp metres imisinga emikhulu kakhulu ingalinganiswa kalula ngokwandisa inani lokujika ekujikeni kwesibili. Njengemishini yethu eminingi yokuhlola, amamitha okubamba athuthukile anikeza amandla okugawula. IZIHLOLI ZOKUMELANA EMHLABENI zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ama-electrode omhlaba kanye nokumelana nenhlabathi. Izidingo zensimbi zincike ebangeni lezinhlelo zokusebenza. Amathuluzi esimanje okuhlola i-clamp on ground enza lula ukuhlola iluphu yaphansi futhi anike amandla izilinganiso zamanje zokuvuza ezingaphazamisi.

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Phakathi kwe-ANALYZERS esiyithengisayo kukhona i-OSCILLOSCOPES ngaphandle kokungabaza enye yemishini esetshenziswa kakhulu. I-oscilloscope, ebizwa nangokuthi i-OSCILLOGRAPH, iwuhlobo lwethuluzi lokuhlola le-elekthronikhi elivumela ukubhekwa kwamandla esignali ahlala ehluka njengesiqephu esinezinhlangothi ezimbili zesiginali eyodwa noma ngaphezulu njengomsebenzi wesikhathi. Amasiginali okungewona awagesi njengomsindo nokudlidliza nawo angaguqulwa abe ama-voltage futhi aboniswe kuma-oscilloscopes. Ama-oscilloscopes asetshenziselwa ukubuka ukuguqulwa kwesignali kagesi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-voltage kanye nesikhathi kuchaza umumo owenziwe igrafu ngokuqhubekayo ngokumelene nesikali esilinganisiwe. Ukubuka nokuhlaziya i-waveform kusivezela izakhiwo ezifana nobukhulu, imvamisa, isikhawu sesikhathi, isikhathi sokukhuphuka, nokuhlanekezela. Ama-Oscilloscopes angalungiswa ukuze amasignali aphindaphindayo abonwe njengomumo oqhubekayo esikrinini. Ama-oscilloscope amaningi anomsebenzi wokulondoloza ovumela imicimbi eyodwa ukuthi ithwetshulwe ithuluzi futhi iboniswe isikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sibone izehlakalo ngokushesha kakhulu ukuthi zibonakale ngokuqondile. Ama-oscilloscopes anamuhla angasindi, ahlangene futhi aphathekayo. Kukhona futhi amathuluzi amancane asebenza ngebhethri ezinhlelo zokusebenza zensiza yasensimini. Ama-oscilloscopes ebangeni laselabhorethri ngokuvamile angamadivayisi aphezulu ebhentshini. Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zama-probe kanye nezintambo zokufaka ezingasetshenziswa nama-oscilloscopes. Sicela usithinte uma kwenzeka udinga iseluleko mayelana nokuthi iyiphi ongayisebenzisa kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Ama-oscilloscope anokufakwa okubili okuqondile abizwa ngokuthi ama-double-trace oscilloscopes. Besebenzisa i-CRT yensimbi eyodwa, baphindaphinda okokufaka, ngokuvamile bashintsha phakathi kwakho ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze babonise ukulandelelwa okubili ngokusobala ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kukhona futhi ama-oscilloscope anemikhondo eyengeziwe; ama-input amane ajwayelekile phakathi kwalokhu. Amanye ama-oscilloscope ane-trace eminingi asebenzisa okokufaka kwe-trigger yangaphandle njengokufakwayo okungakhethwa kukho okuma mpo, kanti amanye aneshaneli yesithathu neyesine enezilawuli ezincane kuphela. Ama-oscilloscopes esimanje anokufaka okuningana kwama-voltage, futhi ngaleyo ndlela angasetshenziswa ukuhlela i-voltage eyodwa ehlukanisiwe iqhathaniswa nenye. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa isibonelo kumajika e-graphing IV (izici zamanje eziqhathaniswa ne-voltage) ezingxenyeni ezifana nama-diode. Kumafrikhwensi aphezulu kanye namasignali edijithali asheshayo umkhawulokudonsa wama-amplifaya aqondile kanye nezinga lamasampula kufanele libe phezulu ngokwanele. Ngokwenhloso evamile ukusetshenziswa komkhawulokudonsa okungenani ongu-100 MHz ngokuvamile kwanele. Umkhawulokudonsa ophansi kakhulu wanele izinhlelo zokusebenza zemvamisa yomsindo kuphela. Ibanga eliwusizo lokushanela lisuka kusekhondi elilodwa kuye kwangama-nanoseconds angu-100, elinokucupha okufanelekile nokubambezeleka kokushanela. Umjikelezo oklanywe kahle, ozinzile, oqalayo uyadingeka ukuze kuboniswe ukuzinza. Izinga le-trigger circuit liyisihluthulelo sama-oscilloscopes amahle. Enye indlela eyinhloko yokukhetha ukujula kwesampula yesampula kanye nesilinganiso sesampula. Ama-DSO esimanjemanje anezinga eliyisisekelo manje ano-1MB noma ngaphezulu wesampula yenkumbulo yesiteshi ngasinye. Ngokuvamile le sampuli yenkumbulo kwabelwana ngayo phakathi kwamashaneli, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ingatholakala ngokugcwele ngamanani amasampula aphansi. Ngezilinganiso eziphezulu zesampula inkumbulo ingase ikhawulelwe kuma-10's ambalwa we-KB. Noma yiliphi izinga lesampula lesimanje elithi ''isikhathi sangempela'' i-DSO ngokuvamile izoba nezikhathi ezi-5-10 kunomkhawulokudonsa wokufakwayo ngesilinganiso sesampula. Ngakho i-DSO yomkhawulokudonsa ongu-100 MHz izoba nesilinganiso sesampula esingu-500 Ms/s - 1 Gs/s. Amazinga esampula anyuke kakhulu asuse kakhulu ukuvezwa kwamasiginali angalungile ebekade ekhona esizukulwaneni sokuqala sezikophu zedijithali. Ama-oscilloscopes amaningi esimanje ahlinzeka ngokuhlangana kwangaphandle okukodwa noma ngaphezulu noma amabhasi afana ne-GPIB, i-Ethernet, imbobo ye-serial, ne-USB ukuze uvumele ukulawulwa kwethuluzi elikude ngesofthiwe yangaphandle. Nalu uhlu lwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-oscilloscope:

 

I-CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

 

I-DUAL-BEAM OSCILLOSCOPE

 

I-OSCILLOSCOPE YESITOREJI SE-ANALOG

 

I-DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPES

 

AMA-OSCILLOSKOPE OKUXHUBEKILE

 

AMA-OSCILLOSCOPE ESESANDLA

 

AMA-OSCILLOSKOPE ASE-PC

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I-LOGIC ANALYZER iyithuluzi elithwebula futhi libonise amasiginali amaningi ukusuka kusistimu yedijithali noma isekethe yedijithali. I-logic analyser ingase iguqule idatha ethwebuliwe ibe imidwebo yesikhathi, amakhodi ephrothokholi, ukulandelelwa kwemishini yesifunda, ulimi lokuhlanganisa. I-Logic Analyzers inamandla okucupha athuthukile, futhi awusizo uma umsebenzisi edinga ukubona ubudlelwano besikhathi phakathi kwamasignali amaningi kusistimu yedijithali. ABAHLAZIYI BE-MODULAL LOGIC bahlanganisa kokubili i-chassis noma uhlaka oluyinhloko namamojula okuhlaziya okunengqondo. I-chassis noma i-mainframe iqukethe isibonisi, izilawuli, ikhompyutha yokulawula, nezikhala eziningi lapho ihadiwe yokuthwebula idatha ifakwe khona. Imojuli ngayinye inenani elithile lamashaneli, futhi amamojula amaningi angahlanganiswa ukuze kutholwe isibalo esiphezulu kakhulu seshaneli. Ikhono lokuhlanganisa amamojula amaningi ukuze uthole isibalo esiphezulu seziteshi kanye nokusebenza okuphakeme ngokuvamile okuphezulu kwabahlaziyi be-modular logic kuwenza abize kakhulu. Ukuze uthole abahlaziyi be-modular logic abasezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, abasebenzisi bangadinga ukuhlinzeka nge-PC yabo engumsingathi noma bathenge isilawuli esishumekiwe esihambisana nesistimu. ABAHLAZIYI BE-LOGIC ABATHATHWAYO bahlanganisa yonke into ibe iphasela elilodwa, ngezinketho ezifakiwe efekthri. Ngokuvamile zinokusebenza okuphansi kunezimojuli, kodwa zingamathuluzi e-metrology eyongayo okulungisa iphutha lenjongo evamile. Ku-PC-BASED LOGIC ANALYZERS, ihadiwe ixhumeka kukhompuyutha ngoxhumo lwe-USB noma lwe-Ethernet futhi idlulisele amasiginali athwetshuliwe kusofthiwe kukhompuyutha. Lawa madivayisi ngokuvamile mancane kakhulu futhi ayabiza kancane ngoba asebenzisa ikhibhodi yomuntu siqu ekhona, isibonisi ne-CPU. Izihlaziyi ezinengqondo zingaqaliswa ngokulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemicimbi yedijithali, bese zithwebula amanani amakhulu edatha yedijithali kumasistimu angaphansi kokuhlolwa. Namuhla izixhumi ezikhethekile ziyasetshenziswa. Ukuvela kwe-logic analyzer probes kuholele ekulandeleni okujwayelekile okusekelwa abathengisi abaningi, okunikeza inkululeko eyengeziwe kubasebenzisi bokugcina: Ubuchwepheshe obungenantambo obunikezwa njengamagama amaningana okuhweba aqondene nabathengisi njenge-Compression Probing; Ukuthinta Okuthambile; I-D-Max iyasetshenziswa. Lawa ma-probe ahlinzeka ngoxhumano oluqinile, oluthembekile lwemishini nogesi phakathi kwe-probe nebhodi lesifunda.

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I-SPECTRUM ANALYZER ikala ubukhulu besiginali yokufaka iqhathaniswa nemvamisa ngaphakathi kwebanga eligcwele lefrikhwensi yethuluzi. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko ukukala amandla we-spectrum yamasignali. Kukhona abahlaziyi be-optical kanye ne-acoustical spectrum analyzers futhi, kodwa lapha sizoxoxa kuphela ngabahlaziyi be-elekthronikhi abakala futhi bahlaziye amasignali okufakwayo kagesi. I-spectra etholwe kumasignali kagesi isinika ulwazi mayelana nemvamisa, amandla, ama-harmonics, umkhawulokudonsa...njll. Imvamisa iboniswa ku-eksisi evundlile kanye ne-amplitude yesiginali mpo. Ama-Spectrum analyzer asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-elekthronikhi ukuze kuhlaziywe i-spectrum yefrikhwensi yomsakazo, i-RF namasignali alalelwayo. Uma sibheka i-spectrum yesiginali siyakwazi ukuveza izici zesiginali, nokusebenza kwesekethe elizikhiqizayo. Abahlaziyi be-Spectrum bayakwazi ukwenza izilinganiso eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Uma sibheka izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuthola i-spectrum yesiginali singahlukanisa izinhlobo ze-spectrum analyzer.

 

- I-SWEPT-TUNED SPECTRUM ANALYZER isebenzisa isamukeli se-superheterodyne ukuze siguqule ingxenye ye-spectrum yesignali yokufaka (kusetshenziswa i-oscillator elawulwa yi-voltage kanye ne-mixer) ku-frequency ephakathi yesihlungi se-band-pass. Ngomklamo we-superheterodyne, i-oscillator elawulwa yi-voltage ishanelwa ngebanga lamafrikhwensi, isizakala ngobubanzi obugcwele befrikhwensi yethuluzi. Ama-spectrum analyzer ashaneliwe aphuma kubamukeli bomsakazo. Ngakho-ke abahlaziyi abashaneliwe bangabahlaziyi besihlungi esishuniwe (okufana nomsakazo we-TRF) noma abahlaziyi be-superheterodyne. Eqinisweni, ngendlela yazo elula, ungacabanga nge-spectrum analyzer eshaneliwe njenge-voltmeter ekhetha imvamisa enobubanzi obushunwayo (ishanelwe) ngokuzenzakalelayo. Empeleni iyi-voltmeter ekhetha imvamisa, ephendula inani eliphakeme ukuze ibonise inani le-rms le-sine wave. I-spectrum analyzer ingabonisa izingxenye zefrikhwensi ngayinye ezakha isignali eyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho ayinikezi ulwazi lwesigaba, ulwazi lobukhulu kuphela. Abahlaziyi besimanje abashuniwe (abahlaziyi be-superheterodyne, ikakhulukazi) bangamadivayisi anemba angenza izilinganiso eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, asetshenziselwa kakhulu ukukala amasiginali wesimo sokuqina, noma aphindaphindayo ngoba awakwazi ukuhlola wonke amafrikhwensi ngesikhathi esinikeziwe ngasikhathi sinye. Amandla okuhlola wonke amafrikhwensi kanyekanye angenzeka ngabahlaziyi besikhathi sangempela kuphela.

 

- ABAHLAZIYI BE-SPECTRUM ZESIKHATHI SAngempela: I-FFT SPECTRUM ANALYZER ihlanganisa i-Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), inqubo yezibalo eguqula i-waveform ibe izingxenye ze-spectrum yayo yefrikhwensi, yesiginali yokufaka. I-Fourier noma i-FFT spectrum analyzer ingenye indlela yokusetshenziswa kohlaziyo lwe-spectrum yesikhathi sangempela. I-Fourier analyzer isebenzisa ukucubungula isignali yedijithali ukuze isampula isignali yokufaka futhi iyiguqulele kusizinda samafrikhwensi. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). I-FFT iwukuqaliswa kwe-Discrete Fourier Transform, i-algorithm yezibalo esetshenziselwa ukuguqula idatha isuka esizindeni sesikhathi iye esizindeni samafrikhwensi. Olunye uhlobo lwabahlaziyi be-spectrum besikhathi sangempela, okungukuthi I-PARALLEL FILTER ANALYZERS ihlanganisa izihlungi ezimbalwa ze-bandpass, ngayinye enemvamisa ye-bandpass ehlukile. Isihlungi ngasinye sihlala sixhumeke kokokufaka ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngemva kwesikhathi sokuqala sokulungisa, isihlaziyi sesihlungi esihambisanayo singathola ngokushesha futhi sibonise wonke amasiginali angaphakathi kwebanga lokulinganisa le-analyzer. Ngakho-ke, i-parallel-filter analyzer inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwesignali yesikhathi sangempela. I-Parallel-filter analyzer iyashesha, ikala amasiginali ashintshashintshayo nesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ukulungiswa kwemvamisa yesihlaziyi sesihlungi esihambisanayo kuphansi kakhulu kunabaningi abahlaziyi abashuniwe, ngoba ukulungiswa kunqunywa ububanzi bezihlungi ze-bandpass. Ukuze uthole ukulungiswa okuhle ebangeni elikhulu lefrikhwensi, uzodinga izihlungi eziningi ezingazodwana, okulenza libize futhi libe yinkimbinkimbi. Yingakho iningi labahlaziyi besihlungi esihambisanayo, ngaphandle kwalezo ezilula emakethe zibiza.

 

- I-VECTOR SIGNAL ANALYSIS (VSA) : Esikhathini esidlule, abahlaziyi be-spectrum abashaneliwe kanye ne-superheterodyne babemboza ububanzi befrikhwensi ukusuka kumsindo, ku-microwave, kuye kuma-millimeter frequencies. Ukwengeza, abahlaziyi be-Digital signal processing (DSP) abahlaziyi be-Fourier transform (FFT) abashesha kakhulu bahlinzeke nge-spectrum enokulungiswa okuphezulu kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi, kodwa bakhawulelwe kumafrikhwensi aphansi ngenxa yemikhawulo yokuguqulwa kwe-analogi ukuya kwidijithali kanye nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula amasignali. Umkhawulokudonsa obanzi wanamuhla, amasiginali aguquliwe, ashintsha isikhathi azuza kakhulu emandleni okuhlaziya i-FFT namanye amasu e-DSP. Abahlaziyi bezimpawu zeVector bahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe be-superheterodyne ne-ADC's enesivinini esiphezulu kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe be-DSP ukuze banikeze izilinganiso ze-spectrum zokucaca okuphezulu, ukudilizwa, nokuhlaziywa kwesizinda sesikhathi esithuthukisiwe. I-VSA iwusizo ikakhulukazi ekuboniseni amasiginali ayinkimbinkimbi afana namasignali aqhumayo, adlulayo, noma ashintshiwe asetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana, kuvidiyo, ekusakazeni, ekusetshenzisweni kwe-sonar kanye ne-ultrasound.

 

Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinto, abahlaziyi be-spectrum baqoqwe njenge-benchtop, ephathekayo, ephathwayo nenenethiwekhi. Amamodeli e-benchtop awusizo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho isihlaziyi se-spectrum singaxhunywa khona emandleni e-AC, njengasendaweni yelebhu noma indawo yokukhiqiza. Abahlaziyi be-spectrum basebhentshini ngokuvamile banikeza ukusebenza okungcono nokucaciswa kunezinguqulo eziphathwayo noma eziphathwayo. Kodwa-ke ngokuvamile asindayo futhi anabalandeli abambalwa bokupholisa. Ezinye ZE-BENCHTOP SPECTRUM ANALYZERS zinikeza amaphekhi ebhethri ozikhethela wona, awavumela ukuthi asetshenziswe kude nendawo ephuma kuyo amanzi. Labo kubhekiselwa kubo NJENGABAHLAZIYI BE-SPECTRUM ETHUBAYO. Amamodeli aphathekayo awusizo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho isihlaziyi se-spectrum sidinga ukukhishwa ngaphandle ukuze kwenziwe izilinganiso noma siphathwe ngenkathi sisetshenziswa. I-spectrum analyzer ephathekayo ephathwayo kulindeleke ukuthi inikeze ukusebenza okunamandla kwebhethri kokuzikhethela ukuze kuvunyelwe umsebenzisi ukuthi asebenze ezindaweni ezingenazo izindawo zamandla, isibonisi esibukeka kahle esivumela isikrini ukuthi sifundwe ekukhanyeni kwelanga okukhanyayo, ubumnyama noma izimo ezinothuli, isisindo esilula. IZIHLAZIYI ZOKUHLAZIYWA NGESANDLA ziwusizo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho isihlaziyi se-spectrum sidinga ukukhanya kakhulu futhi sibe sincane. Abahlaziyi abaphathwa ngesandla banikeza amandla alinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa namasistimu amakhulu. Izinzuzo ze-handheld spectrum analyzer nokho ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuphansi kakhulu kwamandla, ukusebenza okuxhaswe yibhethri ngenkathi kusenkambuni ukuze kuvunyelwe umsebenzisi ukuthi ahambe ngokukhululeka ngaphandle, usayizi omncane kakhulu nesisindo esincane. Okokugcina, IZIHLAZIYI ZE-SPECTRUM ZE-NETWORKED azibandakanyi isibonisi futhi zenzelwe ukunika amandla isigaba esisha sokuqapha nokuhlaziywa kwe-spectrum esatshalaliswa ngokwendawo. Isibaluli esiyinhloko yikhono lokuxhuma isihlaziyi kunethiwekhi nokuqapha amadivayisi anjalo kunethiwekhi yonkana. Nakuba abahlaziyi abaningi be-spectrum benembobo ye-Ethernet yokulawula, ngokuvamile abanazo izindlela eziphumelelayo zokudlulisa idatha futhi zikhulu kakhulu futhi/noma zibiza kakhulu ukuthi zingasatshalaliswa ngendlela esabalaliswa ngale ndlela. Imvelo esabalalisiwe yamadivayisi anjalo anika amandla i-geo-location yama-transmitter, ukuqapha kwe-spectrum ukuze uthole ukufinyelela kwe-dynamic spectrum nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezinjalo. Lawa madivayisi ayakwazi ukuvumelanisa ukuthwebula idatha kunethiwekhi yonkana yabahlaziyi futhi anike amandla ukudluliswa kwedatha okunenethiwekhi ngenani eliphansi.

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I-PROTOCOL ANALYZER iyithuluzi elihlanganisa izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha kanye/noma isofthiwe esetshenziselwa ukuthwebula nokuhlaziya amasignali kanye nethrafikhi yedatha ngesiteshi sokuxhumana. Abahlaziyi bephrothokholi basetshenziswa kakhulu ukulinganisa ukusebenza nokuxazulula izinkinga. Baxhuma kunethiwekhi ukuze babale izinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile ukuze baqaphe inethiwekhi kanye nemisebenzi yokuxazulula inkinga yokusheshisa. ISIHLAZIYI SEPROTOCOL NETWEKHI siyingxenye ebalulekile yekhithi yamathuluzi yomlawuli wenethiwekhi. Ukuhlaziywa kwephrothokholi yenethiwekhi kusetshenziselwa ukuqapha impilo yokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi. Ukuze uthole ukuthi kungani idivayisi yenethiwekhi isebenza ngendlela ethile, abalawuli basebenzisa i-protocol analyser ukuze bahogele ithrafikhi futhi baveze idatha nezinqubo ezidlula ocingweni. Kusetshenziswa abahlaziyi bephrothokholi yenethiwekhi

 

- Xazulula izinkinga okunzima ukuzixazulula

 

- Thola futhi uhlonze isofthiwe eyingozi / uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha. Sebenza ngeSistimu Yokutholwa Kwe-Intrusion noma ibhodwe lezinyosi.

 

- Qoqa ulwazi, olufana namaphethini ethrafikhi ayisisekelo kanye namamethrikhi okusebenzisa inethiwekhi

 

- Khomba amaphrothokholi angasetshenzisiwe ukuze uwasuse kunethiwekhi

 

- Khiqiza ithrafikhi yokuhlola ukungena

 

- Ukulalela ithrafikhi (isb, thola ithrafikhi Yemiyalezo Esheshayo engagunyaziwe noma Amaphoyinti Okungena angenantambo)

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I-TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER (TDR) iyithuluzi elisebenzisa i-reflectometry yesizinda sesikhathi ukuze ibonise futhi ithole amaphutha kumakhebuli ensimbi njengezintambo eziphothiweyo namakhebuli angama-coaxial, izixhumi, amabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe,….etc. I-Time-Domain Reflectometers ikala ukuboniswa ngakukhondatha. Ukuze uzilinganise, i-TDR idlulisela isignali yesigameko ku-conductor futhi ibheke ukubonakaliswa kwayo. Uma i-conductor iyi-impedance efanayo futhi inqanyulwe kahle, khona-ke ngeke kube khona ukuboniswa futhi isignali yesigameko esisele izomuncwa ekugcineni okude ngokunqanyulwa. Kodwa-ke, uma kukhona ukuhluka kokuphazamiseka endaweni ethile, enye yezimpawu zesigameko izoboniswa emuva kumthombo. Ukucabangisisa kuzoba nesimo esifanayo nesiginali yesigameko, kodwa uphawu nobukhulu bazo kuncike ekushintsheni kwezinga le-impedance. Uma kukhona ukwenyuka kwesinyathelo ku-impedance, khona-ke ukucabangela kuzoba nesibonakaliso esifanayo nesignali yesigameko futhi uma kukhona ukwehla kwesinyathelo ku-impedance, ukubonakaliswa kuzoba nesibonakaliso esiphambene. Ukuboniswa kukalwa kokuphumayo/kokufakwayo kwe-Time-Domain Reflectometer futhi kuboniswa njengomsebenzi wesikhathi. Okunye, isibonisi singabonisa ukudluliswa nokuboniswa njengomsebenzi wobude bekhebula ngenxa yokuthi isivinini sokusakazeka kwesignali sicishe sibe njalo endaweni ethile yokudlulisela. Ama-TDR angasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya okubambezeleke kwekhebula nobude, isixhumi nokulahlekelwa kwezingxenye kanye nezindawo. Izilinganiso ze-impedance ye-TDR zinikeza abaklami ithuba lokwenza ukuhlaziya ubuqotho besignali yezixhumi zesistimu futhi babikezele ngokunembile ukusebenza kwesistimu yedijithali. Izilinganiso ze-TDR zisetshenziswa kakhulu emsebenzini wokulinganisa ibhodi. Umklami webhodi lesifunda angakwazi ukunquma izici eziphazamisayo zokulandela umkhondo webhodi, abale amamodeli anemba wezingxenye zebhodi, futhi abikezele ukusebenza kwebhodi ngokunembe kakhudlwana. Kunezinye izindawo eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwama-refledometers esizinda sesikhathi.

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I-SEMICONDUCTOR CURVE TRACER iyithuluzi lokuhlola elisetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya izici zamadivayisi ahlukene we-semiconductor afana nama-diode, ama-transistors, nama-thyristors. Ithuluzi lisekelwe ku-oscilloscope, kodwa liqukethe nemithombo yamandla kagesi kanye neyamanje engasetshenziswa ukuvuselela idivayisi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa. I-voltage eshanele isetshenziswa kumatheminali amabili edivayisi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa, futhi inani lamanje idivayisi elivumela ukuthi ligeleze ku-voltage ngayinye liyalinganiswa. Igrafu ebizwa ngokuthi VI (i-voltage iqhathaniswa neyamanje) iboniswa esikrinini se-oscilloscope. Ukucushwa kuhlanganisa i-voltage ephezulu esetshenzisiwe, i-polarity ye-voltage esetshenzisiwe (okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okuzenzakalelayo kwakho kokubili kokuhle nokubi), kanye nokumelana okufakwe ochungechungeni ngedivayisi. Kumishini emibili yokugcina efana nama-diode, lokhu kwanele ukukhombisa ngokugcwele idivayisi. I-curve tracer ingabonisa wonke amapharamitha athakazelisayo afana ne-voltage eya phambili ye-diode, ukuvuza okubuyela emuva, i-voltage ehlehlayo yokuhlehla,...njll. Imishini yamatheminali amathathu njengama-transistors nama-FET nawo asebenzisa uxhumano kutheminali yokulawula yedivayisi ehlolwayo njengetheminali ye-Base noma ye-Gate. Kuma-transistors namanye amadivaysi asekelwe njengamanje, isisekelo noma enye i-terminal current iyanyathelwa. Kuma-transistors omphumela wenkundla (ama-FET), kusetshenziswa i-voltage enezitebhisi esikhundleni se-step current. Ngokushanela i-voltage ebangeni elimisiwe lama-voltage aphambili, esinyathelweni ngasinye se-voltage yesiginali yokulawula, iqembu lamajika e-VI likhiqizwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Leli qembu lamajika lenza kube lula kakhulu ukunquma inzuzo ye-transistor, noma i-trigger voltage ye-thyristor noma i-TRIAC. Ama-tracer ejika le-semiconductor yesimanje anikela ngezici eziningi ezikhangayo ezifana ne-Windows enembile yokusebenzelana yomsebenzisi, i-IV, i-CV kanye ne-pulse generation, kanye ne-pulse IV, imitapo yolwazi efakiwe kubo bonke ubuchwepheshe...njll.

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ISIHLOLI SOKUZUNGUZA ISIGABA / INkomba: Lawa amathuluzi okuhlola ahlangene futhi aqinile ukuze akhombe ukulandelana kwesigaba kumasistimu ezigaba ezintathu kanye nezigaba ezivulekile/ezingasebenzi. Zilungele ukufaka imishini ezungezayo, ama-motor kanye nokuhlola ukuphuma kwe-generator. Phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kukhona ukuhlonza ukulandelana kwesigaba esifanele, ukutholwa kwezigaba zocingo ezingekho, ukunqunywa kokuxhumeka okufanele kwemishini ejikelezayo, ukutholwa kwamasekhethi aphilayo.

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I-FREQUENCY COUNTER iyithuluzi lokuhlola elisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa imvamisa. Izibali zefrequency ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ikhawunta eqoqa inani lezehlakalo ezenzeka phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi. Uma umcimbi okumele ubalwe ungowe-elekthronikhi, ukusebenzelana okulula kwethuluzi yikho kuphela okudingekayo. Izimpawu zobunzima obuphakeme zingadinga ukulungiswa okuthile ukuze zifaneleke ukubala. Izibali eziningi zefrikhwensi zinohlobo oluthile lwe-amplifier, ukuhlunga kanye nokubunjwa kwesekhethi kokokufaka. Ukucubungula isignali yedijithali, ukulawula ukuzwela kanye ne-hysteresis amanye amasu okuthuthukisa ukusebenza. Ezinye izinhlobo zemicimbi yezikhathi ezithile okungezona i-elekthronikhi ngokwemvelo zizodinga ukuguqulwa kusetshenziswa ama-transducer. Izibali zefrikhwensi ze-RF zisebenza ngezimiso ezifanayo nezibali eziphansi zamafrikhwensi. Zinobubanzi obuningi ngaphambi kokuchichima. Kumafrikhwensi ama-microwave aphezulu kakhulu, amadizayini amaningi asebenzisa i-prescaler enesivinini esiphezulu ukwehlisa imvamisa yesignali endaweni lapho kungasebenza khona ukujikeleza kwedijithali okujwayelekile. Izibali zefrikhwensi ye-Microwave zingakala amafrikhwensi acishe abe ngu-100 GHz. Ngaphezu kwalezi zikhathi eziphakeme isignali okufanele ilinganiswe ihlanganiswa kusixhumi esinesignali esivela ku-oscillator yendawo, ikhiqiza isignali ku-vacation frequency, ephansi ngokwanele ukukala okuqondile. Izindawo zokusebenzelana ezidumile kumakhawunta wokubala yi-RS232, i-USB, i-GPIB ne-Ethernet efana nezinye izinsimbi zesimanje. Ngokungeziwe ekuthumeleni imiphumela yokulinganisa, isibali singazisa umsebenzisi uma imikhawulo yokulinganisa echazwe umsebenzisi yeqiwa.

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