Phakathi kwe- many THERMAL ANALYSIS EQUIPMENT, sigxila kakhulu kwezidumile embonini, okuyi_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cfER58DRIMDIGREYD (CAVRICKER TRIMETRIMMETRIMDI) ,THE AVFFERNINGER TRIMETRIMDIMETRIMDI-DSCRIME (CAV 381905-5cde) -UKUHLAZIYWA KOMCHWEPHESHE ( TMA ), DILATOMETRY,DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS ( DMA ), DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS ( DTA). IZIHLOKO ZETHU ZOKUHLOLA I-INFRARED zibandakanya IZINTO EZINGAKUMBI EZISHISAYO, AMA-THERMOGRAPHI AKHONA INFRARED, AMAKHAMERA ANE-INFRARED.

 

Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zamathuluzi ethu ezithombe ezishisayo Ukuhlola Isistimu Kagesi Nemishini, Ukuhlola Izingxenye Ze-elekthronikhi, Ukulimala Kokugqwala kanye Nokuncisha Kwensimbi, Ukutholwa Kwephutha.

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AMAKHALORIMETHA OKUSKENA OKUHLUKILE (DSC) : Indlela lapho umehluko enanini lokushisa elidingekayo ukuze kwenyuswe izinga lokushisa lesampula nereferensi likalwa njengomsebenzi wezinga lokushisa. Kokubili isampula nesithenjwa kugcinwa cishe ezingeni lokushisa elifanayo kulo lonke ucwaningo. Uhlelo lwezinga lokushisa lokuhlaziywa kwe-DSC luyasungulwa ukuze izinga lokushisa lomphathi wesampula likhuphuke ngokulandelana njengomsebenzi wesikhathi. Isampula yereferensi inamandla okushisa achazwe kahle phezu kobubanzi bamazinga okushisa azoskenwa. Ukuhlolwa kwe-DSC kunikeza njengomphumela ijika lokushisa okuguquguqukayo ngokumelene nezinga lokushisa noma ngokumelene nesikhathi. Amakhalorimitha wokuskena ahlukile avame ukusetshenziselwa ukufunda ukuthi kwenzekani kuma-polymer uma eshiswa. Ukushintsha okushisayo kwe-polymer kungafundwa kusetshenziswa le nqubo. Izinguquko ezishisayo yizinguquko ezenzeka ku-polymer lapho zishiswa. Ukuncibilika kwe-crystalline polymer kuyisibonelo. Ukuguqulwa kwengilazi nakho kuyinguquko yokushisa. Ukuhlaziywa kokushisa kwe-DSC kwenziwa ukuze kutholwe Izinguquko Zesigaba Sokushisa, I-Thermal Glass Transition Temperature (Tg), Crystalline Melt Temperatures, Endothermic Effects, Exothermic Effects, Thermal Stabilities, Thermal Formulation Stabilities, Thermal Formulation Stabilities, Transition Phenomena Solid State Structure. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DSC kunquma i-Tg Glass Transition Temperature, izinga lokushisa lapho ama-amorphous polymers noma ingxenye e-amorphous ye-crystalline polymer isuka endaweni eqinile eya ku-rubbery ethambile, indawo yokuncibilika, izinga lokushisa lapho i-crystalline polymer inyibilika khona, i-Hm Energy Absorbed (amajoules) /gram), inani lamandla isampula elimunca lapho lincibilika, Tc Crystallization Point, izinga lokushisa lapho i-polymer icwebezela khona lapho ishisa noma ipholisa, i-Hc Amandla Ekhishiwe (ama-joules/igremu), inani lamandla elikhishwa isampula lapho licwebezela. Amakhalori Okuskena Ahlukile angasetshenziswa ukunquma izici ezishisayo zamapulasitiki, izinto zokunamathisela, izinsimbi, ama-alloys ensimbi, izinto zokwenza imithi, ama-wax, ukudla, uwoyela nezinto zokugcoba kanye nama-catalysts….etc.

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ABAHLAZIYI ABAHLUKILEYO ZE-THERMAL (DTA): Enye indlela eya ku-DSC. Kule nqubo ukugeleza kokushisa kusampula nereferensi ehlala ifana esikhundleni sezinga lokushisa. Uma isampula nereferensi kushisa ngokufanayo, izinguquko zesigaba nezinye izinqubo zokushisa zibangela umehluko kuzinga lokushisa phakathi kwesampula nereferensi. I-DSC ikala amandla adingekayo ukuze kugcinwe kokubili ireferensi nesampuli kuzinga lokushisa elifanayo kuyilapho i-DTA ikala umehluko wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwesampula nesithenjwa uma zombili zifakwa ngaphansi kokushisa okufanayo. Ngakho zingamasu afanayo.

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I-THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYZER (TMA) : I-TMA yembula ushintsho kubukhulu besampula njengomsebenzi wezinga lokushisa. Umuntu angabheka i-TMA njenge-micrometer ezwela kakhulu. I-TMA iyithuluzi elivumela ukukalwa okunembayo kokuma futhi lingalinganiswa ngokuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso ezaziwayo. Isistimu yokulawula izinga lokushisa ehlanganisa isithando somlilo, usinki wokushisa kanye ne-thermocouple ezungeze amasampula. I-quartz, i-invar noma i-ceramic fixtures ibamba amasampula ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Izilinganiso ze-TMA zirekhoda izinguquko ezibangelwa izinguquko kuvolumu yamahhala ye-polymer. Izinguquko kuvolumu yamahhala izinguquko ze-volumetric ku-polymer ezibangelwa ukumuncwa noma ukukhululwa kokushisa okuhambisana nalolo shintsho; ukulahlekelwa ukuqina; ukwanda kokugeleza; noma ngokushintsha kwesikhathi sokuphumula. Ivolumu yamahhala ye-polymer yaziwa ukuthi ihlobene ne-viscoelasticity, ukuguga, ukungena ngama-solvents, kanye nezakhiwo zomthelela. Izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi Tg ku-polymer lihambisana nokunwetshwa kwevolumu yamahhala okuvumela ukuhamba okukhulu kweketango ngaphezu kwalolu shintsho. Kubonwa njengokuguquguquka noma ukugoba kwijika lokunweba okushisayo, lolu shintsho ku-TMA lungabonakala lumboza ububanzi bamazinga okushisa. Izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi elingu-Tg libalwa ngendlela okuvunyelwene ngayo. Ukuvumelana okuphelele akufakazelwa ngokushesha enanini le-Tg lapho kuqhathaniswa izindlela ezihlukene, nokho uma sihlola ngokucophelela izindlela okuvunyelwene ngazo ekunqumeni amanani e-Tg khona-ke siyaqonda ukuthi kukhona ukuvumelana okuhle ngempela. Ngaphandle kwenani layo eliphelele, ububanzi be-Tg buphinde bube inkomba yezinguquko kundaba. I-TMA iyindlela elula yokwenza. I-TMA ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa u-Tg wezinto ezinjengama-polymer axhumene kakhulu e-thermoset okunzima ukuwasebenzisa i-Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). Ngokungeziwe ku-Tg, i-coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) itholakala ekuhlaziyweni kwe-thermomechanical. I-CTE ibalwa kusukela ezigabeni eziwumugqa wamajika we-TMA. Omunye umphumela owusizo i-TMA engasinika yona ukuthola umumo wamakristalu noma imicu. Izinto eziyinhlanganisela zingase zibe namakhoefiyanti amathathu ahlukene okwandisa ukushisa eziqondisweni zika-x, y kanye no-z. Ngokurekhoda i-CTE ngezikhombisi-ndlela ezithi x, y kanye no-z umuntu angase aqonde ukuthi amafayibha noma amakristalu abheke kuphi kakhulu. Ukuze ulinganise ukunwetshwa kwenqwaba yezinto kungasetshenziswa inqubo ebizwa DILATOMETRY . Isampula icwiliswa oketshezini olufana nowoyela we-silicon noma i-Al2O3 powder ku-dilatometer, egijima ngomjikelezo wezinga lokushisa futhi ukunwetshwa kuzo zonke izinkomba kuguqulwa kube ukunyakaza okuqondile, okukalwa yi-TMA. Abahlaziyi besimanje be-thermomechanical benza lokhu kube lula kubasebenzisi. Uma kusetshenziswa uketshezi oluhlanzekile, i-dilatometer igcwaliswa ngalolo ketshezi esikhundleni samafutha e-silicon noma i-alumina oxide. Ngokusebenzisa i-TMA yedayimane abasebenzisi bangasebenzisa amajika e-stress strain, izivivinyo zokuphumuza ingcindezi, ukuphinda uthole i-creep-recovery kanye nezikena zokushisa zemishini eziguqukayo. I-TMA iyithuluzi lokuhlola elibalulekile lemboni nocwaningo.

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I-THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYZERS ( TGA ) : Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Thermogravimetric yindlela lapho isisindo sento noma isifanekiso sigadwa njengomsebenzi wezinga lokushisa noma isikhathi. Isampula yesampula ingaphansi kohlelo olulawulwayo lokushisa endaweni elawulwayo. I-TGA ikala isisindo sesampula njengoba sishiswa noma sipholiswa esithandweni salo. Ithuluzi le-TGA liqukethe isampula lepani elisekelwa ibhalansi enembile. Lelo pani lihlala esithandweni futhi liyashisisa noma lipholiswe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Ubuningi besampula bubhekwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Indawo yesampula ihlanzwa nge-inert noma igesi esebenzayo. Abahlaziyi be-Thermogravimetric bangakwazi ukulinganisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi, i-solvent, i-plasticizer, i-decarboxylation, i-pyrolysis, i-oxidation, ukubola, isisindo % impahla yokugcwalisa, nesisindo % umlotha. Kuye ngecala, ulwazi lungatholakala lapho kushiswa noma kupholiswa. Ijika elivamile le-TGA elishisayo liboniswa ukusuka kwesokunxele kuye kwesokudla. Uma ijika le-TGA elishisayo lehla, libonisa ukwehla kwesisindo. Ama-TGA esimanje ayakwazi ukwenza izivivinyo ze-isothermal. Kwesinye isikhathi umsebenzisi angase afune ukusebenzisa isampula esebenzayo yokuhlanza amagesi, afana nomoya-mpilo. Uma usebenzisa umoya-mpilo njengomsebenzisi wegesi yokuhlanza angase afune ukushintsha amagesi ukusuka ku-nitrogen ukuya kumoya-mpilo phakathi nokuhlolwa. Le nqubo ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhomba iphesenti lekhabhoni ezintweni. I-Thermogravimetric analyzer ingasetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa imikhiqizo emibili efanayo, njengethuluzi lokulawula ikhwalithi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana nokucaciswa kwayo kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha, ukucacisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni, ukuhlonza imikhiqizo yomgunyathi, ukukhomba izinga lokushisa eliphephile lokusebenza kumagesi ahlukahlukene, ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokwakhiwa komkhiqizo, ukubuyisela unjiniyela umkhiqizo. Ekugcineni kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi izinhlanganisela ze-TGA ne-GC/MS ziyatholakala. I-GC imfushane nge-Gas Chromatography futhi i-MS imfushane nge-Mass Spectrometry.

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I-DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYZER ( DMA) : Lena indlela lapho ukuguqulwa kwe-sinusoidal okuncane kusetshenziswa kusampula yejiyomethri eyaziwayo ngendlela yomjikelezo. Ukusabela kwezinto ekucindezelekeni, izinga lokushisa, imvamisa kanye namanye amanani bese kufundwa. Isampula ingaba ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okulawulwayo noma uhlobo olulawulwayo. Ngokucindezeleka okwaziwayo, isampula izokhubaza inani elithile, kuye ngokuqina kwayo. I-DMA ikala ukuqina kanye nokumanzisa, lokhu kubikwa njenge-modulus ne-tan delta. Ngenxa yokuthi sisebenzisa amandla e-sinusoidal, singakwazi ukuveza i-modulus njengengxenye yesigaba (imoduli yesitoreji), kanye nengxenye engaphandle kwesigaba (imoduli yokulahlekelwa). Imoduli yesitoreji, engu-E' noma i-G', isilinganiso sokuziphatha okunwebekayo kwesampula. Isilinganiso sokulahlekelwa endaweni yokugcina i-tan delta futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-damping. Kubhekwa njengesilinganiso sokuchithwa kwamandla kwento. I-damping iyahlukahluka ngesimo sempahla, izinga lokushisa layo, kanye nemvamisa. I-DMA kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi DMTA standing for_cc781905-5cde-3194-3194-6ICDINACdHAN-MECDHAN-MECDHAN-MECDHAN-M3b. I-Thermomechanical Analysis isebenzisa amandla amile angashintshi entweni futhi irekhoda izinguquko zobukhulu obubalulekile njengoba izinga lokushisa noma isikhathi sihluka. I-DMA ngakolunye uhlangothi, isebenzisa amandla e-oscillatory emvamisa emisiwe kusampula futhi ibike izinguquko zokuqina kanye nokudambisa. Idatha ye-DMA isinika ulwazi lwemodulus kuyilapho idatha ye-TMA isinika i-coefficient yokwanda kwe-thermal. Zombili lezi zindlela zibona izinguquko, kodwa i-DMA izwela kakhulu. Amanani e-modulus ashintsha ngezinga lokushisa kanye nokushintsha kwezinto kungabonakala njengezinguquko ku-E' noma kumajika e-tan delta. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuguqulwa kwengilazi, ukuncibilika nokunye ukuguquka okwenzeka endaweni eyingilazi noma eyirabha okuyizinkomba zezinguquko ezicashile endabeni.

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IZINTO EZINGCWANGCISO EZISEMTHETHWENI, AMATHERMOGRAPHERS E-INFRARED, I-INFRARED CAMERA : Lawa amadivayisi akha isithombe esebenzisa imisebe ye-infrared. Amakhamera avamile ansuku zonke enza izithombe esebenzisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo ebangeni le-wavelength le-nanometer elingu-450–750. Amakhamera we-infrared nokho asebenza ebangeni le-wavelength ye-infrared ubude obungu-14,000 nm. Ngokuvamile, lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu lento, kulapho imisebe ye-infrared ikhishwa njengemisebe yomzimba omnyama. Amakhamera we-infrared asebenza ngisho nasebumnyameni obuphelele. Izithombe eziphuma kumakhamera amaningi ane-infrared zineshaneli yombala owodwa ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile amakhamera asebenzisa inzwa yesithombe engahlukanisi ubude bamaza obuhlukahlukene bemisebe ye-infrared. Ukuze uhlukanise ama-wavelengths izinzwa zesithombe sombala zidinga ukwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Kwamanye amathuluzi okuhlola lezi zithombe ze-monochromatic ziboniswa ngombala-mbumbulu, lapho kusetshenziswa khona izinguquko kumbala esikhundleni sokushintsha kokuqina ukuze kuboniswe izinguquko kusiginali. Izingxenye ezigqamile (ezifudumele) zezithombe ngokuvamile zinemibala emhlophe, amazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo anombala obomvu nophuzi, futhi izingxenye ezifiphele kakhulu (ezipholile) zinombala omnyama. Isikali ngokuvamile siboniswa eduze kwesithombe sombala ongamanga ukuze sihlobanise imibala namazinga okushisa. Amakhamera ashisayo anezinqumo eziphansi kakhulu kunalezo zamakhamera abonakalayo, anamanani endaweni engamaphikseli angu-160 x 120 noma angu-320 x 240. Amakhamera e-infrared abiza kakhulu angakwazi ukuthola ukulungiswa kwamaphikseli angu-1280 x 1024. Kunezigaba ezimbili eziphambili zamakhamera we-thermographic: _cc781905-5cde-3194-BB3B-136BAD5CFRED_C658D_Nand Amakhamera apholile we-thermographic anezitholi eziqukethwe kukesi elivalwe nge-vacuum futhi apholiswe ngokukhaliphile. Ukupholisa kuyadingeka ekusebenzeni kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-semiconductor. Ngaphandle kokupholisa, lezi zinzwa zizogcwala imisebe yazo. Amakhamera apholile we-infrared ayabiza nokho. Ukupholisa kudinga amandla amaningi futhi kudla isikhathi, kudinga imizuzu embalwa yesikhathi sokupholisa ngaphambi kokusebenza. Yize izinto zokupholisa ziyinqwaba futhi zibiza, amakhamera apholile anika abasebenzisi ikhwalithi yesithombe ephezulu uma kuqhathaniswa namakhamera angapholisiwe. Ukuzwela okungcono kwamakhamera apholile kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamalensi anobude bokugxila obuphakeme. Igesi ye-nitrogen esemabhodleleni ingasetshenziselwa ukupholisa. Amakhamera ashisayo angapholisiwe asebenzisa izinzwa ezisebenza kuzinga lokushisa elizungezile, noma izinzwa eziqinile ezingeni lokushisa eliseduze ne-ambient kusetshenziswa izici zokulawula izinga lokushisa. Izinzwa ze-infrared ezingapholisiwe azipholiswa zibe kumazinga okushisa aphansi futhi ngenxa yalokho azidingi izipholile ezinkulu nezimba eqolo ze-cryogenic. Ukulungiswa kwazo kanye nekhwalithi yesithombe nokho kuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezitholi ezipholile. Amakhamera we-Thermographic anikeza amathuba amaningi. Izindawo ezishisa kakhulu izintambo zikagesi zingatholakala futhi zilungiswe. Ukujikeleza kukagesi kungabonwa futhi izindawo ezishisa ngokungavamile zingabonisa izinkinga ezifana ne-short circuit. Lawa makhamera asetshenziswa kabanzi ezakhiweni nasezinhlelweni zamandla ukuze athole izindawo lapho kunokulahlekelwa ukushisa okukhulu khona ukuze kucatshangelwe ukwahlukanisa ukushisa okungcono kulawo maphuzu. Izisetshenziswa zokuthwebula ezishisayo zisebenza njengempahla yokuhlola engacekeli phansi.

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